强化混凝和改性活性炭对二级出水DON的作用机制

探讨强化混凝和改性活性炭对城市污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机氮（DON）作用机制,分析相对分子量以及亲疏水组分变化,并考察氯化消毒副产物生成势变化特征,结合三维荧光（3DEEM）光谱分析手段,对强化混凝和活性炭吸附前后DON组成,化学结构特征进行研究.结果表明：强化混凝可以明显提高DON的去除效果,DON去除率通过pH值强化混凝提高到1.45倍,臭氧强化混凝提高到2.06倍,PAC强化混凝提高到2.09倍,PAM强化混凝提高到1.96倍.活性炭对DON吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型.DON吸附过程中,酸改性活性炭表面主要是π-π色散力作用机理,而碱改性活性炭表面主要是给电子-受电子复合物形成机制.在强化混凝和活性炭吸附作用下,DON的相对分子量和组分发生较大变化,而消毒副产物的生成势大幅下降.经3DEEM和光谱区域体积积分法（FRI）分析,在强化混凝和活性炭吸附过程中DON及消毒副产物生成潜势与荧光区域Ⅱ和区域Ⅳ所代表物质有关.     

阴离子对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans氧化活性及次生铁矿物形成影响

酸性矿山废水（AMD）具有酸度高并含有大量可溶性Fe、硫酸根及重（类）金属的特点,采用生物矿化方法促使AMD中Fe向羟基硫酸铁次生矿物转变,对AMD后期石灰中和减少氢氧化铁和废石膏的产生,提高中和效率具有实际意义.通过模拟酸性矿山废水,考察了Cl^-、NO₃^-、PO₄^3-3种阴离子对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌（A.ferrooxidans）体系中pH值、Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率、次生铁矿物矿相的影响.结果表明,高浓度阴离子对A.ferrooxidans氧化Fe²⁺能力具有抑制作用.A.ferrooxidans对阴离子的耐受性依次为PO₄^3- > NO₃^- > Cl^-.阴离子浓度在A.ferrooxidans耐受范围内时,其对Fe²⁺的生物氧化速率基本没有影响.但高浓度阴离子会通过抑制A.ferrooxidans的氧化活性,从而间接影响Fe³⁺的水解成矿过程,导致培养终点时总Fe沉淀率降低和次生铁矿物产量减少.受Fe³⁺供应速率降低的影响,次生铁矿物的合成途径易向施氏矿物转变.     

Sensitivity evaluation of the visual,tactile, and auditory detection response task method while driving

Objectives: In this article, we evaluate the sensitivity to cognitive load of 3 versions of the Detection Response Task method (DRT), proposed in ISO Draft Standard DIS-17488.

Methods: We present a user study with 30 participants in which we compared the sensitivity to cognitive load of visual, audio, and tactile DRT in a simulated driving environment. The amount of cognitive load was manipulated with secondary n-back tasks at 2 levels of difficulty (0-back and 1-back). We also explored whether the DRT method is least sensitive to cognitive load when the stimuli and secondary task are of the same modality. For this purpose, we used 3 forms to present the n-back task stimuli: visual, audio, and tactile. Responses to the task were always vocal. The experiment was based on a between-subject design (the DRT modalities) with 2 levels of within-subject design study (modalities and difficulty of the secondary n-back tasks). The participants' primary task in the study was to drive safely, and a second priority was to answer to DRT stimuli and perform secondary tasks.

Results: The results indicate that all 3 versions of the DRT tested were sensitive to detecting the difference in cognitive load between the reference driving period and driving and engaging in the secondary tasks. Only the visual DRT discriminated between the 0-back and 1-back conditions on mean response time. Contrary to expectations, no interaction was observed between DRT modality and the stimuli modality used for presentation of the secondary tasks.

Conclusions: None of the 3 methods of presenting DRT stimuli showed a consistent advantage in sensitivity in differentiating multiple levels of cognitive load if all response times, hit rates, and secondary task performance are considered. If only response time is considered, the visual presentation of the DRT stimulus used in this study showed some advantages. In interpreting these data, it should be noted that the methods of DRT stimulus presentation varied somewhat from the currently proposed draft ISO standard and it is possible that the relative salience level of the visual DRT stimulus influenced the findings. It is further suggested that more than 2 levels of difficulty of the n-back task should be considered for further investigation of the relative sensitivity of different DRT stimuli modalities. Parameters that indicate change in cognitive load (response time, hit rate, task performance) should be analyzed together in assessing the overall impact on the driver and not individually, in order to obtain a fuller insight of the assessed cognitive load.     

密闭环境空调系统二次污染问题研究

密闭环境空调系统存在一系列特殊的室内空气品质问题.详细介绍了密闭空间空调系统二次污染的现状、对人员健康的影响、控制措施.提出2种解决空调系统二次污染问题的思路:终点控制和起点控制.终点控制措施和起点控制措各有其优点及缺点,适用范围也不一样.潜艇、深水工作船、宇宙飞船等密闭空间空调系统要根治二次污染问题,必须起点控制和终点控制相结合,在工程实践中逐步摸索出适用的方法.     

Acute effects of chlorpyryphos-ethyl and secondary treated effluents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in Carcinus maenas

The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (Dursban(r)) and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent (STIUE) exposure on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. After 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the AChE activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 μg/L, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only at higher concentration 7.82 μg/L of commercial preparation Dursban(r). The exposure of crabs to Dursban(r) (3.12 μg/L) showed a significant decrement of AChE activity at 24 and 48 h, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only after 24 h and no inhibition for both enzymes was observed after 72 h. Moreover, a significant repression of AChE activity was observed in both organs of C. maenas exposed to 5% of STIUE. Our experiments indicated that the measurement of AChE activity in gills and hepatopancreas of C. meanas would be useful biomarker of organophosphorous (OP) and of neurotoxic effects of STIUE in Tunisia.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater e uent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

不同组成木质陶瓷对去除城市生活污水二级出水中有机物及氮磷的研究

以小麦秸秆、凹凸棒石、针铁矿为原料,以酚醛树脂为黏结剂,通过复合、热压、烧结等工艺过程制备出不同成分的木质陶瓷,并利用该系列木质陶瓷对城市二级出水中的有机物及氮磷进行吸附实验研究。结果表明,900℃下的木质陶瓷[m(麦秸)∶m(凹凸棒石)∶m(针铁矿)=1∶1∶1]COD及NH_3-N的吸附效果最佳,2 h可达吸附平衡,投加量为8 g/L时COD去除率达66.48%,投加量为6 g/L时氨氮去除率为69.72%,且酸性条件不利于COD的吸附,NH_3-N的最佳吸附p H范围是2~11。800℃下的木质陶瓷[(麦秸)∶m(凹凸棒石)∶m(针铁矿)=1∶2∶0]P的吸附效果最佳,15 min可达吸附平衡,投加量为6 g/L时总P去除率可达99.69%,p H值、转速、温度对吸附磷影响不大。     

低温条件下硬硅钙石二次粒子对UASB反应器污泥颗粒化的影响研究

研究了低温条件下硬硅钙石二次粒子对UASB反应器污泥颗粒化的影响规律。结果表明,硬硅钙石二次粒子可保证厌氧初期细菌所需的碱度,提高系统的耐缓冲能力,有利于维持系统正常的挥发性脂肪酸浓度,促进高浓度颗粒化污泥的形成,提高处理效率。     

绍兴市柯桥区工业园区挥发性有机物污染特征研究

为更好地管控和治理绍兴市柯桥区工业园区的挥发性有机物(VOCs),利用柯桥区现有的两工业园区VOCs监测站点(园区1站、园区2站)2019年3月至2020年2月的监测数据分析柯桥区工业园区VOCs污染特征并进行溯源.结果表明:园区1站每月VOCs质量浓度平均值为125μg/m3,园区2站为137μg/m3,都呈现出3月...     

臭氧法在城市污水消毒中的应用

介绍了臭氧在水中的化学特性和消毒的基本原理,通过试验研究了臭氧在城市污水深度处理消毒中的反应过程,认为臭氧在城市污水处理二级出水中的消毒是可行的。