水中无机阴离子对UV/H2O2降解LAS的影响及机理

研究了UV/H₂O₂工艺对直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）的去除效果以及水中常见无机阴离子对LAS降解的影响和机理.结果表明,UV/H₂O₂工艺可以有效的去除水中LAS,光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.在H₂O₂投加量为8 mg·L^-1,14 W低压汞灯照射下,LAS在蒸馏水和自来水中光降解速率常数分别为0.018 0 min^-1和0.012 2 min^-1;NO^-₃、Cl^-、SO^２－₄和HCO^-_３对LAS光降解有抑制作用,4种离子在浓度分别为5、10、15　mmol·L^-1时,对LAS光降解的抑制程度均为HCO^-_３>NO^-₃>Cl^->SO^２－₄;随着离子浓度增大,抑制作用增强;自来水中的光降解速率常数低于蒸馏水中的光降解速率常数是由于水中多种离子影响的结果.     

京津冀区域气溶胶中无机水溶性离子污染特征分析

在北京、天津、石家庄、承德城区和北京上甸子区域本底站共设置5个采样点,2009～2010年分季节采集环境PM<,2.5>,并分析其中的无机水溶性离子,进而研究京津冀区域气溶胶中离子组分的污染特征.研究表明,京津冀PM<,2.5>污染较重,北京、天津和石家庄年均浓度均超过了100 μg/m<'3>;5个站点二次离子(SO...     

Soil-profile distribution of carbon and associated properties in no-till along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains

No-till (NT) farming is considered as a potential strategy for sequestering C in the soil. Data on soil-profile distribution of C and related soil properties are, however, limited, particularly for semiarid regions. We assessed soil C pool and soil structural properties such as aggregate stability and strength to 1 m soil depth across three long-term (≥21 year) NT and conventional till (CT) experiments along a precipitation gradient in the central Great Plains of the USA. Tillage systems were in continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a loam at Hutchinson and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow on silt loams at Hays and Tribune, Kansas. Mean annual precipitation was 889 mm for Hutchinson, 580 mm for Hays, and 440 mm for Tribune. Changes in profile distribution of soil properties were affected by differences in precipitations input among the three sites. At Hutchinson, NT had 1.8 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth, but CT had 1.5 times greater SOC pool in the 5-20-cm. At Hays, NT had 1.4 times greater SOC pool than CT in the 0-2.5-cm depth. Differences in summed SOC pool for the whole soil profile (0-1 m depth) between NT and CT were not significant at any site. The summed SOC pool with depth between NT and CT were only significant above the 5 cm depth at Hutchinson and 2.5 cm depth at Hays. At Hutchinson, NT stored 3.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 5 cm depth. At Hays, NT stored 1.35 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than CT above 2.5 cm depth. Moreover, NT management increased mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDA) by 3 to 4 times for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and by 1.8 times for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Hays. It also reduced air-dry aggregate tensile strength (TS) for the 0-5-cm depth at Hutchinson and Hays and for the 0-2.5-cm depth at Tribune. The TS (r = −0.73) and MWDA (r = 0.81) near the soil surface were more strongly correlated with SOC concentration at Hutchinson than at Hays and Tribune attributed to differences in precipitation input. Results suggested NT impacts on increasing SOC pool and improving soil structural properties decreased with a decrease in precipitation input. Changes in soil properties were larger at Hutchinson (880 mm of precipitation) than at Hays and Tribune (≤580 mm). While NT management did not increase SOC pool over CT for the whole soil profile, the greater near-surface accumulation of SOC in NT than in CT was critical to the improvement in soil structural properties. Overall, differences in precipitation input among soils appeared to be the dominant factor influencing NT impacts on soil-profile distribution of SOC and soil structural properties in this region.     

热泵蒸发及其在浓缩垃圾渗滤液中应用的初探

在热泵蒸发过程中,二次蒸汽压缩比是个至关重要的参数,它直接关系到热泵蒸发的经济程度。对热泵蒸发中的传热过程及可利用的余热作了全面分析。最后对热泵蒸发在浓缩垃圾渗滤液中的应用进行了探讨。     

Hydrolyzed Al(Ⅲ) clusters: Speciation stability of nano-Al13

Pure nano-Al13 and aggregates at various concentrations were prepared to examine the particle size effect of coagulation with inorganic polymer fiocculant. The property and stability of various species formed were characterized using Infrared, 27Al-NMR,photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and Ferron assay. Results showed that concentration and temperature exhibited different roles on the stability of Al13. The quantity of Alb species analyzed by ferron assay in the initial aging period corresponded well with that of Al13, which has been confirmed in a dimension range of 1-2 nm by PCS. Al13 solutions at high concentrations (0.5-2.11 mol/L)were observed to undergo further aggregation with aging. The aggregates with a wide particle size distribution would contribute to the disappeared/decreased Al13 basis on the 27Al-NMR spectrum, whereas a part of Al13 would still remain as Alb. At low concentrations,Al13 solution was quite stable at normal temperature, but lost its stability quickly when heating to 90°C.     

气溶胶在采样管中的沉积特性研究

为了正确评价气溶胶在采样管道中的粒子沉积损失,文章通过实验研究确定了采样管道中粒子沉积与有关参数之间的关系。气溶胶粒子粒径为0.04~8.30μm、采样流量为10~30 L/min、采样管道长度为10~35 m。结果表明,当气溶胶粒径约小于1μm时,穿透率随粒径增大而增加,当气溶胶粒径约大于1μm时;穿透率随粒径增加而减小;气溶胶粒子的穿透率随流速增大而增加;气溶胶粒子的穿透率随采样管长增加而减小。     

广州城区冬季大气边界层气溶胶激光雷达探测

激光雷达是大气边界层气溶胶和云的一个高效探测工具。2010年12月利用Mie散射激光雷达对广州城区冬季大气边界层进行系统观测,分析讨论了测站地域上空大气气溶胶的消光系数垂直分布和时间变化的主要特征。结果表明:冬季广州大气边界层气溶胶主要分布在1100m以下区域,气溶胶分布具有多层结构;大气边界层高度稳定分布在500~620m左右,边界层高度日变化不明显;冬季广州气溶胶源较为稳定并且变化慢;广州城区气溶胶浓度白天比晚上大,峰值出现11颐00~14颐00左右,谷值出现在20颐00左右。     

东海大气气溶胶中无机氮组分的分布特征

利用2006年11～12月、2007年2～3月及2008年5～6月在东海4个航次中采集的33个总悬浮颗粒物样品和7套Anderson分级样品,分析了其中NH 4+、NO 3-和NO 2-的浓度,探讨了东海气溶胶中氮组分的季节变化和粒径分布.气溶胶中NH 4+的浓度为2.6～646.9 nmol.m-3,冬、春季较高,夏季较低.NO 3-的浓度为5.5～281.5 nmol.m-3,冬季较高,春、夏季较低.NO 2-的浓度很低,0.5 nmol.m-3.气溶胶中氮组分的相对贡献具有一定的季节变化趋势,冬季NH 4+和NO 3-的贡献相当,春、夏季以NH 4+的贡献为主.NO 3-的粒径分布月变化明显,11～12月主要分布在2.1μm的细粒子上,2～3月、5～6月分别集中在1.1～4.7μm和2.1～7.0μm的粗粒子上.NH 4+的粒径分布无明显月季差异,均主要分布在1.1μm的细粒子上.后向轨迹分析表明气团的来源和迁移路径显著影响气溶胶中无机氮的分布.气团来自污染较重的陆源,无机氮在大气中的浓度(nmol.m-3)和在颗粒物中的浓度(μmol.g-1)均较高;气团来自清洁的海洋源,无机氮在大气中和颗粒物中的浓度均较低.气团起源自陆源但在海上经过长距离的迁移,则无机氮在大气中的浓度相对较低,在颗粒物中的浓度相对较高.     

复配型表面活性剂协同无机盐润湿煤尘性能研究*

为有效提高雾化降尘效率,以长焰煤为例,从接触角、表面张力静态试验和粒径测定、喷雾降尘动态试验角度切入,探究不同类型表面活性剂与无机盐的协同关系,进而优选出降尘效果最佳的配比方案。研究结果表明:阴与阴、阴与非、非与非离子复配型表面活性剂与无机盐之间均存在显著协同效应,且通过正交试验可确定协同效果最优的3组配方及其最佳浓度;对比清水,3组配方的平均粒径均有所减小,降尘效率均有大幅提升。综合优选出的最佳配比为质量分数0.08%的仲烷基磺酸钠、0.04%的曲拉通X-100和0.04%的氯化钙复合配制的溶液,该方案的全尘降尘效率为92.55%,比清水提升79.95%;呼尘降尘效率为91.27%,比清水提升82.36%。     

温州城市不同下垫面径流中无机氮的含量及初期冲刷效应

在温州两个采样区分别监测了4场降雨事件,选取交通干道、停车场、小区屋面、小区路面、城市排水系统汇流口、草地等6种下垫面,测定地表降雨径流中溶解铵态氮（NH＋4-N）、溶解硝态氮（NO-3-N）、溶解亚硝态氮（NO-2-N）的含量及基本理化指标.结果表明,温州城市降雨径流中NH＋4-N、NO-3-N和NO-2-N的降雨事件平均浓度（EMC）值分别介于0.40～5.55、0.01～4.70、0～0.87mg·L-1（以N计）之间,九山外河区域氮污染比山下河区域严重,交通干道、居民生活区是氮污染严重的地方,应加以重视.多数下垫面径流中溶解态无机氮以NH＋4-N为主,比例可达50%以上,九山外河区域各下垫面径流中NH＋4-N普遍超过了地表水环境V类水标准.除小区路面以外,各下垫面径流多次出现NH＋4-N的初期冲刷效应,仅小区屋面和汇流口径流中出现过NO--N初期冲刷效应.