Patterns of Citations of Open Access and Non‐Open Access Conservation Biology Journal Papers and Book Chapters

Abstract: Open access (OA) publishing, whereby authors, their institutions, or their granting bodies pay or provide a repository through which peer‐reviewed work is available online for free, is championed as a model to increase the number of citations per paper and disseminate results widely, especially to researchers in developing countries. We compared the number of citations of OA and non‐OA papers in six journals and four books published since 2000 to test whether OA increases number of citations overall and increases citations made by authors in developing countries. After controlling for type of paper (e.g., review or research paper), length of paper, authors’ citation profiles, number of authors per paper, and whether the author or the publisher released the paper in OA, OA had no statistically significant influence on the overall number of citations per journal paper. Journal papers were cited more frequently if the authors had published highly cited papers previously, were members of large teams of authors, or published relatively long papers, but papers were not cited more frequently if they were published in an OA source. Nevertheless, author‐archived OA book chapters accrued up to eight times more citations than chapters in the same book that were not available through OA, perhaps because there is no online abstracting service for book chapters. There was also little evidence that journal papers or book chapters published in OA received more citations from authors in developing countries relative to those journal papers or book chapters not published in OA. For scholarly publications in conservation biology, only book chapters had an OA citation advantage, and OA did not increase the number of citations papers or chapters received from authors in developing countries.     

空间碎片环境及其危害

论述了空间碎片的现状、来源及分布模型。分析了空间碎片与航天器碰撞的概率及其危害，提出了减少空间碎片生成和净化空间环境的措施。对航天安全极为有用     

Waiting for Peace: Perspectives from Action-oriented Research on the Humanitarian Impasse in the Caucasus

Cease-fires in the Caucasus during the past five years have prevented large-scale life-threatening emergencies and created space for peace negotiations. Yet genuine conflict resolution and normalisation have proven elusive, frustrating the return of uprooted populations and constraining reconstruction. This paper reviews a series of seven strategy sessions held in Moscow and the Caucasus in late 1998 to reflect upon the performance of humanitarian agencies and stimulate greater synergies with diplomatic actors. An experiment in promoting discussion of recently conducted independent policy research throughout the north and south Caucasus, the series resulted in a fresh look at the issues in the region and at agency headquarters. The generic nature of the policy challenges gives the experience potential relevance well beyond the region.     

构建促进循环经济型服务业发展的保障体系

循环经济是促进可持续发展的重要手段,服务业近年来在我国发展迅速,由此造成的环境问题也日见突出,用循环经济的理念对服务业进行引导显得很有意义。发展循环型经济、建立循环型社会是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径和实现形式。本文剖析了我国在发展循环经济型服务业方面诸多应改进和进行创新的内容,利用循环经济的理论从行政、法律、经济、社会等方面探讨了循环经济型服务业建设实施的保障体系,为服务业按循环经济的规律运行作了有益的探索。     

计算机网络安全的防范措施

随着传播媒体和信息技术高速发展，Internet广泛应用，共享信息与网上业务在不断增加。伴随而来的网络攻击和犯罪日益猖橛。本文概要地介绍了网络信息安全面临的主要威胁，阐述了计算机网络安全的基本防范措施。     

新形势下我国金融安全预警及安全策略

在日益融入金融全球化的新形势下 ,我国金融业存在严重安全隐患。这些隐患的形成原因既具有和其他开放发展中国家一致的共性特征 ,也和我国处于经济转型的特定历史阶段相关。笔者对我国新形势下金融安全问题进行了较为详细的分析 ,并结合历次国际金融危机 ,尤其是东亚金融危机的教训和我国的实际 ,提出了构建我国金融安全预警指标体系与预警机制以及相关配套措施 ,以维护我国金融安全。特别是创造性地提出了我国金融安全监测预警指标系统至少应包括 3个层次 ,即国家宏观经济运行指标、金融机构安全监测预警指标和货币安全监测预警指标 ,以及要从全方位、多层次采取措施。     

浅谈网络安全策略

由于计算机网络表现的脆弱性使网络容易受到各种攻击，所以网络信息的安全和保密是一个非常重要的问题。本文从计算机网络安全策略出发，对解决计算机网络安全策略原则及网络的安全技术进行了综述。     

国际环境制度对能源安全战略的重大影响

能源安全一直是国际政治和经济领域的重大问题。在追求可持续发展和全球化不断推进的2l世纪,国际环境制度的逐步形成为能源安全赋予了新的涵义,生态安全已经成为能源安全的重要组成部分。以保障能源供应为主要出发点的传统能源安全观逐渐向着涵盖能源供应、经济竞争力和环境质量三大要素的“综合能源安全观”的方向发展。     

The residential lakeshore access allocation problem: Minimizing barrier effects on shoreline habitat buffers

Residential lakeshore development is causing increasing pressure on the lacustrine environment. Traditional landscaping patterns produce lakes ringed with lawns at the expense of the naturally occurring shoreline habitat. In this work, we present a mathematical model to select path locations to minimize impacts on the lakeshore environment, while providing convenient access to the landowners.     

浑河沈阳段七台子桥地表水质量对水生生物的影响

对浑河沈阳段七台子桥地表水进行了水生生物毒性实验,参照Bulichi等人提出的"环境水样的综合危害性评估方法",评估了该河段地表水对水生生物安全的影响,并结合同期地表水基本项目的监测结果,分析了产生水生生物急性毒性的原因。