The Grain-population Relationship and the Effect of Main Food Producing Areas in China

With the increase of global population, grain-popula- tion relationship has attracted great attention worldwide. In China, grain-population relationship has become an increasingly impor- tant economic ...     

食物安全:基于食品系统理论的探讨

在经济发展、消费升级、资源短缺和环境问题凸显的新的外部环境背景下,本文引入了国外新兴的食品系统理论,探讨并提出了可持续的食物安全保障的新观念.食物安全始终是中国经济发展、社会稳定和国家自立的基础.国内多数学者仍然用30年前食物匮乏时期的思路来研究现代的食物安全问题,其结果导致研究结论与现实情况不符.如何在节约资源、减少浪费的同时又能够满足人们不断升级的食物消费需求,是对未来食物安全保障的新要求.本文首先分析了我国食物安全研究的现状,指出了不足和问题,然后引入国外新兴的食品系统理论,在探讨其概念内涵的基础上,剖析了食品系统与食物安全的关系,影响食物安全的因素和研究视角,并进一步提炼出基于食品系统理论的新的食物安全保障观念,为我国研究食物安全提供借鉴.     

危化品企业安全信用内涵的探讨

现代市场经济是信用经济,信用需要用制度来保障.对危化品企业就"信用"与"信用制度"进行了探讨,给出了危化品企业安全信用概念,并简单阐述危化品企业安全信用制度内涵.最后,对建立危化品企业安全信用制度的可能性与必要性进行了分析.     

A factor analytic study of attitudinal structure and its impact on rural landowners' access policies

Previous research has shown that rural landowners' hunter access policies are determined in large part by their attitudes towards hunters, legal liability, conservation, and economic incentives. The results of this study support this research and indicate that East Texas, USA, landowners' decisions to allow or restrict access are based, in part, on attitudes toward hunter behavior, hunting as a social activity, leasing as a management practice, and a perceived obligation toward wildlife stewardship. Attitude-based profiles of landowners who adopted one of four access policies are compared.     

Review and appraisal of concept of sustainable food production systems

Environmental degradation, competition for resources, increasing food demands, and the integration of agriculture into the international economy threaten the sustainability of many food production systems. Despite these concerns, the concept of sustainable food production systems remains unclear, and recent attempts to appraise sustainability have been hampered by conceptual inconsistencies and the absence of workable definitions. Six perspectives are shown to underpin the concept. Environmental accounting identifies biophysical limits for agriculture. Sustained yield refers to output levels that can be maintained continuously. Carrying capacity defines maximum population levels that can be supported in perpetuity. Production unit viability refers to the capacity of primary producers to remain in agriculture. Product supply and security focuses on the adequacy of food supplies. Equity is concerned with the spatial and temporal distribution of products dervied from resource use. Many studies into sustainable agriculture cover more than one of these perspectives, indicating the concept is complex and embraces issues relating to the biophysical, social, and economic environments. Clarification of the concept would facilitate the development of frameworks and analytical systems for appraising the sustainability of food production systems. LRRC Contribution No. 90–46.     

计算机局域网络保密措施

随着计算机的普及 ,局域网络越来越广为利用 ,但也出现了相应的失密问题。本文从信息及实体两个方面 ,论述了局域网络的保密措施。     

分布式防火墙系统

针对分布式防火墙系统体系结构,从新的网络应用环境出发,指出了传统边界防火墙的缺点;然后提出了分布式防火墙的基本原理,并给出了分布式防火墙的产品,重点分析了分布式防火墙产品中的主机防火墙原理;最后还介绍分布式防火墙对各种问题的解决方案及混合型防火墙的应用实例.     

水资源供需平衡的安全分析

从中国发展的区域基础角度,考察经济核心区和6个大区在未来经济发展中的水资源供需安全问题.在分析中应用一般均衡的分析技术和线性规划逆问题分析技术相结合,研究表明,在未来发展中水资源最紧缺的地区是华北和西北,作为经济核心区的京津唐地区水资源问题最为严重.研究提出,只有结合开源节流和调整产业结构才能保证经济发展中的水资源供应安全.     

More Productivity with Fewer External Inputs: Central American Case Studies of Agroecological Development and their Broader Implications

A study of the impact of two agroecological development programs in central America was conducted in 1994, five years and fifteen years after the programmes had ended. Yields of maize and beans being achieved by those farmers involved in each program were, on the average, more than seven times the yields being achieved at the time of program initiation. Increases in yields and incomes were achieved through the use of a large number of innovations, involving especially soil retention measures, purchased organic matter, intercropped green manure/cover crops, natural pest control, crop diversification and crop rotations. Use of chemical fertilizer was reduced, herbicides avoided almost entirely, and several substitutes for pesticides are now used. These technologies, plus more recent innovations such as microscale water harvesting and precision planting, should enable small farmers around the world to increase productivity enough that the world can avoid major hunger over the next 30 years, without increasing substantially, if at all, the world's use of chemical inputs.     

Delivering on the Promise of Agroforestry

Agroforestry – the traditional practice of growing trees on farms for the benefit of the farm family and for the environment – was brought from the realm of indigenous knowledge into the forefront of agricultural research less than two decades ago. It was promoted widely as a sustainability-enhancing practice that combines the best attributes of forestry and agriculture. Based on principles of natural resource management and process-oriented research, agroforestry is now recognized as an applied science, that is instrumental in assuring food security, reducing poverty and enhancing ecosystem resilience at the scale of thousands of smallholder farmers in the tropics.Trees on farms provide both products and services: they yield food, fuelwood, fodder, timber and medicines, which farm families can use at home or take to market to bring in much-needed cash; they replenish organic matter and nutrient levels in soils and they help control erosion and conserve water. The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, and its partners, are working to integrate the functions of trees with policy and institutional improvements that aim at facilitating wide-scale adoption by farmers.Two examples described in this paper are replenishing soil fertility in sub-Saharan Africa using short-term improved tree and shrub fallows and the results of agroforestry research to support significant land tenure policy in southeast Asia.Although just one option in sustainable land-use, science-based agroforestry has the potential to produce economically, socially and environmentally sound results for the billions of people who depend on this ancient practice and modern science.