Real-time contaminant detection and classification in a drinking water pipe using conventional water quality sensors: Techniques and experimental results

Accurate detection and identification of natural or intentional contamination events in a drinking water pipe is critical to drinking water supply security and health risk management. To use conventional water quality sensors for the purpose, we have explored a real-time event adaptive detection, identification and warning (READiw) methodology and examined it using pilot-scale pipe flow experiments of 11 chemical and biological contaminants each at three concentration levels. The tested contaminants include pesticide and herbicides (aldicarb, glyphosate and dicamba), alkaloids (nicotine and colchicine), E. coli in terrific broth, biological growth media (nutrient broth, terrific broth, tryptic soy broth), and inorganic chemical compounds (mercuric chloride and potassium ferricyanide). First, through adaptive transformation of the sensor outputs, contaminant signals were enhanced and background noise was reduced in time-series plots leading to detection and identification of all simulated contamination events. The improved sensor detection threshold was 0.1% of the background for pH and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), 0.9% for free chlorine, 1.6% for total chlorine, and 0.9% for chloride. Second, the relative changes calculated from adaptively transformed residual chlorine measurements were quantitatively related to contaminant-chlorine reactivity in drinking water. We have shown that based on these kinetic and chemical differences, the tested contaminants were distinguishable in forensic discrimination diagrams made of adaptively transformed sensor measurements.     

Factors affecting the adoption of best management practices in southern Ontario

This paper examines the factors that affect the adoption of best management practices (BMPs) in Southern Ontario watersheds using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. A sample of 164 farmers was analyzed and triangulated with the results from in-depth interviews. The results suggest that farm and personal characteristics affect the adoption rate of BMPs and there should be financial incentives in order to create an enabling environment that will encourage the adoption of BMPs.     

论电子阅览室管理中的安全问题与对策

随着现代信息网络技术的不断发展和广泛使用,使用电子阅览室查阅各种文献的读者迅速增加,电子阅览室的安全问题也愈发突出。从计算机及辅助设备的安全管理和维护、加强对计算机病毒的防治、加强对用户的管理等方面探讨了在网络环境下如何实现对电子阅览室日常的安全管理。     

Measuring populations' vulnerabilities for famine and food security interventions: the case of Ethiopia's Chronic Vulnerability Index

The concept of vulnerability has become an important part of food security analyses since the 1980s. It is seen as having two sides: exposure to external hazards; and an inability to cope with those shocks, attributed to social, political, and economic factors. Numerous attempts have been made to construct models to determine levels of vulnerability among populations. This paper analyses one such attempt, the Chronic Vulnerability Index (CVI), developed to measure levels of vulnerability to food insecurity in Ethiopia. The example of the CVI reveals many of the difficulties associated with producing a basic model of vulnerability that can be used in disaster mitigation. Ultimately, the CVI assumes that vulnerability is a linear, additive phenomenon with discrete causes and effects and fails to capture interactions between hazards and the human systems that produce and complicate them. The paper concludes with a discussion of alternatives to the CVI.     

面向信息安全的具有时间特性RBAC授权策略

授权管理是访问控制中一个非常重要的部分。以往对于RBAC访问控制模型的约束的讨论多是基于非时间特性的。具有时间特性的RBAC授权策略的研究对传统的RBAC模型进行了透彻的分析,引入时态条件约束。从访问控制策略的数学建模出发,提出了对用户、资源、策略等的数学定义,设计出了基于时态角色的跨域授权策略规则,并用形式化的数学定义来描述。     

鄱阳湖水生态安全现状评价与趋势研究

通过收集整理鄱阳湖社会经济、生态环境和水环境资料,运用PSR模型、层次分析法和综合指数法确定鄱阳湖现状年的水生态安全度并预测鄱阳湖水生态安全发展趋势。结果表明：城镇生活污水处理率、农业化肥施用量、万元GDP用水量、鄱阳湖水质、钉螺面积等指标对鄱阳湖水生态安全有较大影响;鄱阳湖现状（2005年）水生态安全度为0.513 3,属于“基本安全”;2010年鄱阳湖水生态安全度为0.565 1,较2005年有所提升,但仍属于“基本安全”的范畴;近期内,鄱阳湖水生态安全度将在“基本安全”的范畴内波动。随着湖区周边经济社会的发展,环境压力的不断加大,若维持现有的保护力度,则鄱阳湖水生态安全的变化趋势不容乐观。应对环境压力的响应措施不足,主动保护水生态系统的行为或意识较为欠缺,是导致鄱阳湖水生态安全等级不高的主要原因。     

中国水资源状况与水资源安全问题分析

根据最新的水资源调查评价结果,分析了中国水资源的现状和特点：总量丰富,但人均占有量低;年内年际分配不匀,旱涝灾害频繁,水资源供需矛盾突出;地区分布不均,水土资源不相匹配;水资源利用率低,污染严重。在此基础上,分析了我国水资源安全目前存在的主要问题：水资源时空分布不均严重阻碍社会经济发展;水资源供需矛盾严重,水资源利用效率低下;水质危机导致水资源危机,生态环境恶化严重;水资源管理缺乏科学体制。认为21世纪中国的水资源矛盾将进一步加剧,我国必须进行大规模的改革和强有力的措施,包括节约用水,建立节水型工业,提高用水效率,加强水污染防治,引入市场机制,加强科技创新,树立可持续发展的思想,实行水资源的统一科学管理,维护我国的水资源安全,以缓解我国水资源的供需矛盾,实现经济和社会的可持续发展。     

多区域投入产出分析下中国水足迹地区间比较——基于“总量-相关指标-结构”分析框架

在“总量-相关指标-结构”分析框架下,采用中国大陆30省区（除西藏）42经济部门多区域投入产出及伪基尼系数差异成因分解方法,估算、比较各省区水足迹并分析差异成因,衡量省区降低水足迹（即水足迹总量）的紧迫性并识别调整重点,对具体调整提出建议,为构建中国特色水安全保障体系提供依据。研究表明：1）30省区水足迹均方差系数为51.79%,其中新疆、黑龙江水足迹最高,天津、北京对应最低。2）结合相关指标地区间比较,30省区中宁夏、黑龙江、上海降低水足迹紧迫性最强;天津、山西等提高居民生活直接用水效率紧迫性最强。3）根据部门结构地区间比较,列出各省区降低水足迹中须重点关注的部门,可以看到各省区均须重点调整农林牧渔业、食品制造及烟草加工业用水。4）来源结构地区间比较中,青海、宁夏和新疆的水足迹主要靠当地来供给,其余各地区水足迹均主要源于国内其他地区;可得到各省区上述降低水足迹中应重点关注部门的水足迹主要来源地,如黑龙江、天津、海南等地农林牧渔业水足迹主要源自当地。因此,各地区应结合上述紧迫性、重点关注部门及主要来源分析结果,加强节水工作的针对性。     

基于土地利用变化的区域生态安全评价 ——以鄂尔多斯市为例

在人类活动导致的生态环境问题中,土地利用变化对区域生态安全起着决定性的作用。选择地处我国北方农牧交错带的鄂尔多斯市作为案例区,以GIS和SPSS软件为平台,通过区域生态安全评价指标体系的构建、指标标准阈值的确定、区域生态安全评价模型的建立,对研究区1988、2000及2008年的区域生态安全状况进行了研究。结果表明:①研究区20 a来整体生态安全状况呈现"先恶化、后改善"的趋势,与2000年后"退耕还林还草"、"禁牧和休牧"政策的实施直接相关;②高覆盖度草地是最安全的土地利用方式,其次是中覆盖度草地,林地的生态安全水平非常稳定,水域和低覆盖度草地的生态安全多处于"临界安全"水平,相比之下,耕地、建设用地和未利用地最不安全;③各旗区生态安全水平差异较大,鄂托克旗"较为安全",鄂托克前旗和准格尔旗为"临界安全",达拉特旗和东胜区的生态安全值最低。研究结果可为当地生态环境管理提供更为有效的理论依据。     

高层建筑的环境安全分析与评价

详细分析并确定高层建筑的环境安全影响因子,在此基础上构建了高层建筑的环境安全评价体系。同时,提出了高层建筑的环境安全单方面的灰色关联评价及整体的模糊综合评价模型及运行步骤。期望以此作为高层建筑规模安全评价的参考,并且给高层建筑规划设计者以警示。