基于PSR模型的武汉城市圈生态安全评价及态势研究

基于地理信息系统(Geographical Information System,GIS)开展城市的生态安全评价及态势研究,以武汉城市圈为研究区,基于压力-状态-响应(Pressure-Stats-Response,PSR)模型和层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP),利用遥感数据和统计监测数据,运用GIS的可视化和空间分析功能,对研究区生态安全状况进行分析和评价。结果表明,2000-2015年,武汉城市圈生态安全状况在逐渐变好,但仍以临界安全状态为主,有待进一步提高。城市间存在明显差异,生态安全空间分异特征明显。压力指数以临界安全和较安全为主,研究期间呈部分降低、整体提高的趋势;状态指数呈上升的趋势,以较安全状态为主;而响应状况不容乐观,大部分区域都处于临界安全,仍需加大对生态环境政策的响应力度。     

Alternative Perspectives on the Sustainability of Alaska's Commercial Fisheries

Many believe commercial fisheries in Alaska (U.S.A.) are sustainability success stories, but ongoing socioeconomic problems across the state raise questions about how this sustainability is being defined and evaluated. Problems such as food insecurity and the disenfranchisement of Alaska Natives from fishing rights are well documented, yet these concerns are obscured by marketing campaigns that convey images of flourishing fishing communities and initiatives to certify Alaska's fisheries as responsibly managed. Fisheries management mandates and approaches built on such metrics and technologies as maximum sustainable yield and systems of tradable quotas actually serve to constrain, circumscribe, and marginalize some Alaskans’ opportunities for effecting change in how the benefits of these fisheries are allocated. Beneath the narrative of sustainability, these management technologies perpetuate a cognitive ecological model of sustainability that is oriented to single‐species outcomes, that casts people as parasites, and thus assumes the necessity of trade‐offs between biological and social goals. Alternative cognitive models are available that draw metaphors from different ecological concepts such as keystone species and mutualisms. Such models, when used to inform management approaches, may improve societal outcomes in Alaska and elsewhere by promoting food security and sustainability through diversified natural resource harvest strategies that are more flexible and responsive to environmental variability and change. Perspectivas Alternativas sobre la Sustentabilidad de las Pesquerías Comerciales en Alaska     

作物产量差及其形成原因综述

作物产量差是现实产量与潜在产量的差距。产量差研究意在揭示作物产量差的幅度与地域差异、形成原因以及缩小产量差的措施。产量差意味着农业发展的机会,因此,分析和研究产量差对提高作物产量、保障粮食安全意义重大。论文通过文献综述,首先讨论了产量差的定义,在此基础上,总结了世界和我国主要作物的产量差,分析了产量差的影响因素与缩小产量差的措施。最后讨论了目前产量差研究中存在的问题与不足,提出了产量差应重点关注的问题。     

高原牧区草地变化对牧民粮食安全的影响——以青海省达日县为例

农业区和牧业区的粮食安全在概念上存在着一定的差别,在关注农业区粮食安全的同时,牧业区粮食安全的研究也值得重视。论文从青海省达日县牧区牧民食物能量折算入手,构建了最小人均草地面积和草地压力指数两个计算方法,并以乡为基本单元,对各乡粮食安全进行定量计算。计算结果表明:达日县1987-2007年最小人均草地面积和草地压力指数呈增加趋势,1997年粮食安全区、警戒区、短缺区、危机区4个等级均有分布,至2007年该区域已全部演变为粮食短缺区和危机区,主要原因是草地退化严重,人口数量增加,人均草地面积减少以及技术和物质投入不足,牧业生产条件恶化。     

一种通用型水基消泡剂的毒理学安全性研究

为了探讨一种通用型水基消泡剂DREWPLUS 5350 EP的毒理学安全性,以昆明系小鼠为研究对象,依据毒理学中国试验标准,通过小鼠急性毒性试验、蓄积毒性试验、骨髓微核试验、亚急性毒性试验方法,研究了其对小鼠的毒性,并对其进行了评价.结果表明:急性毒性试验小鼠经口LD50>24414mg·kg-(1bw),属实际无毒级;蓄积毒性试验、小鼠微核试验为阴性;在高剂量大于等于5375mg·kg-(1bw)的试验条件下,亚急性毒性试验小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶与对照组相比差异极显著,肝脏系数差异极显著;其它检测指标均未观察到有毒理学意义的异常变化;小鼠经口摄入DREWPLUS 5350 EP消泡剂小于等于2688mg·kg-(1bw)是安全的.在使用过程中对环境不会造成二次污染.     

简易喷淋在“三合一”场所消防整治中应用的思考

家庭作坊式或出租屋式的“三合一”场所投资少回报快,成为一些小型私营企业创业初期的首选,但“三合一”场所消防安全条件差火灾频发,尤其是导致人员伤亡的火灾长期高发不下。例举了近年来我国一些“三合一”场所的火灾案例,分析了我国各地采取的“三合一”场所消防安全整治的方法及效果。针对该类场所消防安全整治中难监管、易回潮的特点,提出了在“三合一”场所中推广应用简易自动喷淋系统,革新技防手段的措施,强调了应用简易自动喷淋系统在使用范围、自动报警、喷头选择方面应注意的事项。     

Climate change and human security in Africa

Climate change poses a major threat to human security and poverty in Africa. In Africa, where livelihoods are mainly based on climate-dependent resources and environment, the effect of climate change will be disproportionate and severe. Moreover, Africa's capacity to adapt to and cope with the adverse effects of climate variability is generally weak. This article discusses how climate change affects human security in Africa. It also assesses the policy options available to policymakers in terms of mitigation and adaptation to climate change to reduce vulnerability and human insecurity in Africa.     

Livelihoods,power, and food insecurity: adaptation of social capital portfolios in protracted crises—case study Burundi

The failure of food security and livelihood interventions to adapt to conflict settings remains a key challenge in humanitarian responses to protracted crises. This paper proposes a social capital analysis to address this policy gap, adding a political economy dimension on food security and conflict to the actor‐based livelihood framework. A case study of three hillsides in north Burundi provides an ethnographic basis for this hypothesis. While relying on a theoretical framework in which different combinations of social capital (bonding, bridging, and linking) account for a diverse range of outcomes, the findings offer empirical insights into how social capital portfolios adapt to a protracted crisis. It is argued that these social capital adaptations have the effect of changing livelihood policies, institutions, and processes (PIPs), and clarify the impact of the distribution of power and powerlessness on food security issues. In addition, they represent a solid way of integrating political economy concerns into the livelihood framework.     

吉林电网的暴雨灾害风险等级区划与评估研究

开展暴雨灾害对电网安全的风险等级区划与评估,可以指导电网的规划设计、建设、运行,最大限度保证电网安全.从风险评估四要素出发,充分考虑各要素的空间差异和权重差异,构建了等级划分标准,开展了风险区划和分区评价.结果表明:暴雨洪涝对吉林电网危害最高的地区是长春部分地区、吉林市辖区和通化的集安地区;其次是长春大部、四平大部、吉林部分地区和延边州的珲春部分地区;风险最低的地区主要在白城部分地区、白山部分地区及延边大部.从风险区划各指标的分析来看,通化地区南部的高风险性是由致灾因子的高危险性起主要作用,而吉林省中部地区的高、中风险性是由其孕灾环境的高敏感性及承灾体的高易损性引起的.     

基于多主体建模的安全注意力衰减模型研究

为预防由安全注意力衰减引起的虚假安全问题,构建员工安全注意力衰减模型。采用多主体建模法并基于Netlogo仿真平台,分析个体因素、管理因素和环境因素对员工安全注意力水平的影响。试验结果表明:在环境因素和管理因素确定的情况下,员工安全注意力水平主要受熟悉程度和安全意识的影响。同时员工安全注意力水平对管理者的危机意识有反馈作用。安全信号强度、频率、员工对安全信息的期待和任务难度以及管理者的监督有效性,均影响员工安全注意力水平。在企业安全管理的具体实施过程中,企业应该考虑如何有效控制上述调节因素并提高员工安全注意力水平。