基于农业面源污染的三峡库区重庆段水质时空格局演变特征

农业面源污染已成为我国河流污染的主要来源。三峡库区是典型的生态脆弱区,水资源安全已越来越受到关注。以三峡库区重庆段21个区县为实例,在区县级尺度上,研究了2005-2011年农业面源污染化学需氧量（COD）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）所导致的水质的变化。并借助地统计学中的空间插值方法,对30个水质监测站点的数据进行插值分析,最后利用内梅罗综合水质指数,通过核算和实测的数据来研究三峡库区重庆段水质的时空变化。结果表明：1）从库区平均水质浓度分析得出,2005、2008、2011年3个时间断面的TN、TP的浓度已经超过地表水环境质量三级标准。2）从核算数据所反映的水质综合指数的时空特征来看,2005、2008、2011年水质综合指数分别为2.48、2.51、2.88,均处于中度污染状态,而2011年甚至逼近严重污染状态。在空间分布上,三峡库区重庆段库中和库区腹地的区县整体的水质状况在下降,而位于库尾的核心都市区水质状况则有所提升。3）从监测数据所反映的水质综合指数的时空特征来看,2005、2008、2011年水质综合指数分别为1.26、1.38、2.14,2005和2008年属于轻污染状态,而2011年则为中度污染状态。在空间分布上,和核算数据的空间分布呈现出相似的地方。4）通过河流水体断面的监测数据与理论核算数据的对比看出,两者呈现出较好的吻合度。     

能见度对个体疏散速度及路径选择的影响研

为提供火灾条件下人员疏散基础数据,基于4层教学楼疏散平台,开展了不同能见度环境下个体疏散实验,研究了能见度对人员疏散速度及路径选择的影响。研究结果表明:正常能见度条件下,人员的平均疏散速度为（2.37±0.23）m/s,个体间疏散速度差异明显,随着能见度降低,人员的平均疏散速度呈现均匀下降趋势,个体疏散速度最终均趋近于（0.36±0.10）m/s;人员水平疏散速度显著大于下行疏散速度,且水平疏散速度受能见度影响更大;当能见度较高时,人员以视觉作为寻路方式,倾向于选择自己最熟悉的路线进行疏散;能见度较低时,人员主要依靠触觉作为寻路方式,即借助墙或楼梯扶手进行疏散,此时人员的路径选择受到周围围挡物的共同作用。     

火电厂开展安全性评价的程序及常见问题处理

针对当前安全性评价得到了火力发电企业的普遍认同,以及不同程度、自觉不自觉的开展安全性评价工作这一现状,结合作者多年的自评价、第三方评价的工作经验,详细阐述火电厂开展安全性评价工作的意义、保障、程序、常见问题及处理,特别就如何实施安全性评价工作以及实施过程应注意的问题作了全面深入的剖析,为火电厂做好安全性评价工作提供借鉴。     

恐怖内心思想的智能阅读车(IRV)开发研究

近年来 ,恐怖袭击事件威胁着城市公共安全 ,给人们的精神和心理造成极大的创伤和痛苦 ,已引起各国政府、各大媒体的广泛关注。笔者分析了城市公共安全的特点 ,研制了恐怖内心思想的智能阅读车 (IRV) ,通过对进入公共场所的人群进行快速 (数秒内 )检测人体生理参数 (3项指标 ) ,阅读人群的心理、生理、行为特征 ,快速地识别出恐怖分子 ,解决了安全预警滞后的问题 ,建立公共安全的常规通道 (或非常规通道 )。研究与开发的目的是从传统的被动防范转变到主动预控 ,为解决国内外防恐和反恐难题提供了一种新方法。     

针对IEEE802.11标准的无线局域网的攻击和防卫研究

无线局域网由于其自由组网的快捷、使用方便和成本低等优势 ,备受青睐 ,尤其是那些受地理条件限制的地方布置有线网络困难且成本高 ,以及临时使用的诸如国际会议、灾区救助的情况下的局域通信需要快速组网等 ,但是由于其通信的内容的公开性也容易被攻击者获得 ,其安全问题变得十分突出。基于对无线局域网的信息机密性、完整性和可用性面临的攻击的详细分析 ,结合相应的安全技术原理的论述 ,提出了将双向认证、数据加密技术、防火墙和增强的完整性校验 ,“四位一体”的安全防卫方案 ,从而保证了无线局域网的整体安全 ,对无线局域网的健康发展具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

新形势下的核安全与辐射安全对策

随着核资源广泛利用,核安全也越来越受到人们的关注。笔者在新的安全形势下,从实际情况出发,分析了我国核和辐射安全现状,特别是近年来,世界范围内核恐怖事件的潜在危险在不断增加,核设施和辐射设施在运行过程中,由于失误等原因引起事故的可能性是客观存在的,在现代战争条件下,核设施极有可能成为敌人精确打击的战略目标,因此,核安全和辐射安全面临着新的挑战。针对核安全和辐射安全存在的隐患,应从应急组织体系建设、监测系统开发、人员培训、基本信息数据库的建立、应急决策支持系统开发、完善法规、加强国际合作等方面,提出了改善我国核安全与辐射安全现状的相关对策,以不断提高我国核安全和辐射安全的水平。     

Perspectives on Local Environmental Security, Exemplified by a Rural South African Village

This paper analyzes the human–nature interaction in a village in rural South Africa. It discusses preconditions, perceptions, and consequences of natural resource use, and places these findings into a regional and historical context. Applying an interdisciplinary perspective, the study uses interviews, questionnaires, remote sensing, and participatory mapping to analyze land cover changes and local perceptions of the environment. The study area is located in a former homeland (Transkei), a setting where well-recorded conflicts in the human–nature sphere have previously been triggered by population pressure, apartheid policies, and other historical, political, and social reasons. A small-scale and subjective conceptualization of environmental security is used as an approach to analyze local livelihood strategies in a selected village. The results indicate that the environment is not the highest priority in local survival strategies. Instead, formal and informal jobs and governmental grants are the most important security strategies. There are thus no major conflicts resulting from the interaction between the local population and the natural resources in this specific area. Explanations to this pattern can partly be found in historical contexts, which include apartheid policies, re-localizations, and a system of migrant labor. The study also suggests that general truths about a region such as Transkei might be misleading in specific localities. For relevant and successful environmental management and development planning however, it is crucial that decision-makers be able to get a clear picture of local situations and adjust their plans accordingly.     

多元统计分析在粮食产量影响因素分析中的应用--以四川省为例

粮食安全问题引起了社会各界的高度重视.四川省作为全国的人口大省、粮食大省,粮食安全不容忽视.采用多元统计中的灰色关联度分析和主成分分析法对四川省粮食产量影响因素进行了相关分析,确定其主要影响因素,为解决粮食安全问题提供科学依据.     

War and Food Security in Eritrea and Ethiopia, 1998–2000

This paper examines the 1998–2000 'border' war between Eritrea and Ethiopia and its continuing legacies from the perspective of food security.¹ Focusing on the food crisis that hit both countries during the same period and was allowed to develop into a famine in southeast Ethiopia, it argues that this was linked with the war in more ways than hitherto recognised. Such connections can be appreciated only by taking a longer-term view of the decline of the rural economy of which this food crisis was part, factoring in the role played by this and other conflicts that have flared up in the region. An analysis of this kind might have helped donors and aid agencies to respond more effectively both to short-term humanitarian needs in the midst of an inter-state war and to the need for longer-term support for food security in a region beset by endemic conflict.     

Exposing violences: Using women's human rights theory to reconceptualize food rights

Exposing food violences – hunger,malnutrition, and poisoning from environmentalmismanagement – requires policy action thatconfronts the structured invisibility of theseviolences. Along with the hidden deprivation offood is the physical and political isolation ofcritical knowledge on food violences and needs,and for policy strategies to address them. Iargue that efforts dedicated on behalf of ahuman right to food can benefit from thetheoretical analysis and activist work of theinternational Women's Rights are Human Rights(WRHR) movement. WRHR focuses on women andgirls; the food rights movement operates onbehalf of all people, with an emphasis on thepoor. Both attend to the protection of bodilyintegrity against physical and psychicviolences. Both cope with bodily violences thatare socially privatized and spatiallysegregated from public institutions of relief,that is, they are tacitly omitted from publicdiscourse and purview. Most typically, but notexclusively, these violences unfold in privatehousehold space. Both rights movements mustmobilize political rights to demand economicand social rights and security. I introduce theUnited Nations' early Declaration (1948) andCovenant (1966) language on the human right tofood and review problems of household accessand grassroots engagement that are ``writteninto' this early documentation. An abbreviatedoverview of the WRHR movement describes how thepublic/private and economic/political rightsdichotomies have been critiqued andre-formulated. A case study set in Polandacross the transition from (more) communist to(more) capitalist political economies attemptsto illuminate the discussion through agrounded example.