Livelihood Security, Vulnerability and Resilience: A Historical Analysis of Chibuene, Southern Mozambique

A sustainable livelihood framework is used to analyse livelihood security, vulnerability and resilience in the village of Chibuene, Vilanculos, southern Mozambique from a historical and contemporary perspective. Interviews, assessments, archaeology, palaeoecology and written sources are used to address tangible and intangible aspects of livelihood security. The analysis shows that livelihood strategies for building resilience, diversification of resource use, social networks and trade, have long historical continuities. Vulnerability is contingent on historical processes as long-term socio-environmental insecurity and resultant biodiversity loss. These contingencies affect the social capacity to cope with vulnerability in the present. The study concludes that contingency and the extent and strength of social networks should be added as a factor in livelihood assessments. Furthermore, policies for mitigating vulnerability must build on the reality of environmental insecurity, and strengthen local structures that diversify and spread risk.     

“生态四川”的法制诉求

为了落实可持续发展的国家战略,四川省提出了“生态四川”的发展方向。实践“生态四川”离不开法律的支持,而四川省现有的生态立法存在一些不足,成为制约建构“生态四川”的瓶颈。因此应在“生态四川”基本理念的指引下,在立法上进行价值取向、方法论和权利配置手段的创新,并在此基础上提出“生态四川”立法的指导思想、立法重点和制度设计方案。     

Can home gardens scale up into movements for social change? The role of home gardens in providing food security and community change in San Jose,California

Urban policymakers and sustainable food activists have identified urban agriculture as an important strategy for confronting a host of urban problems, including food insecurity, health disparities, access to urban green space and community economic revitalisation. Much recent work on urban agriculture has examined community and school gardens, but little research has been undertaken on home gardens as a solution to urban problems. This article examines a home-gardening programme in San Jose, California, La Mesa Verde, asking whether some of the benefits found in community gardens can be found in home gardens. Specifically, we look at financial, health and community benefits, examining the potential of home gardens to become forces for broader social change. We ask whether gardens can become agents of cultural preservation, self-determination, particularly for recent immigrants who use these spaces to build identities and work towards collective action and self-determination.     

关于在风电场安全评价中增加信息安全评价内容的建议

我国风力发电业发展迅速,风电场建设规模不断扩大,风电场并网运行对电网的影响会越来越显著。风力发电受自然条件影响比较大,具有随机性、间歇性特点,给电网运行调度带来很大困难。为了更好的调度风电场,适应电网安全稳定运行要求,对风电场的自动化和信息化水平要求越来越高。由于对风电场信息安全的了解和认识不够充分,忽视了一些信息安全的基础性工作,导致其系统信息网络内部存在种种风险和潜在隐患。一旦信息系统受到黑客攻击或恶意破坏,可能引发区域性大面积停电,威胁电网运行。鉴于风电场＂三同时＂安全评价的综合性、全面性的特点,建议在风电场安全评价中增加信息安全评价内容,以做到防患于未然。     

关于城市轨道交通工程安全文明施工措施费的探讨

城市轨道交通工程是一个庞大的系统工程,也是一项风险较高的建设工程,研究其安全文明施工措施费的合理提取和使用对于确保工程建设安全生产有着举足轻重的意义。从城市轨道交通工程安全措施费用管理的必要性着手,分析了当前城市轨道交通工程建设安全措施费用管理现状及其存在的问题。笔者通过前期广泛调研和资料收集,界定了安全措施费的范围,分析了我国安全文明施工措施费计取现状和影响条件,最后提出了科学的计取方法、选取合理的计费基数、细化取费费率等建议,以保障城市轨道交通工程安全措施费的合理使用和提取。     

从水污染防治角度出发的全国分省域水环境安全研究

针对我国日益严峻的水环境安全问题,本文从水污染防治角度出发,依据影响我国水环境安全的关键污染问题,即水环境质量、水污染物排放、水环境风险,构建了水环境安全指标体系。利用相关分析法、主成分分析法,简化、优化评价指标体系。利用层次分析法与专家打分法,估算各指标权重,采集各指标数据对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)2011—2013年的水环境安全状况进行评估。结果表明:该指标体系在一定条件和范围内是合理的,我国水环境安全大体呈西高中东低的空间分布,京津冀区域水环境安全评价值较低。"十三五"时期,京津冀地区应着重于降低主要污染物浓度,削减劣V类断面比例,提高水环境质量,海南、福建、广东等地区着力于减少农业等水污染物排放强度,湖南等地区则需要重点关注涉重企业的污染物排放。     

Adaptation for crop agriculture to climate change in Cameroon: Turning on the heat

The Cameroonian agricultural sector, a critical part of the local ecosystem, is potentially vulnerable to climate change raising concerns about food security in the country’s future. Adaptations policies may be able to mitigate some of this vulnerability. This article investigates and addresses the issue of selected adaptation options within the context of Cameroonian food production. A methodology is applied where transient diagnostics of two atmosphere–ocean general circulation models, the NASA/Goddard Institute GISS and the British HadCM3, are coupled to a cropping system simulation model (CropSyst) to simulate current and future (2020, 2080) crop yields for selected key crops (bambara nut, groundnut, maize, sorghum, and soybean) in eight agricultural regions of Cameroon. Our results show that for the future, substantial yield increases are estimated for bambara groundnut, soybean and groundnut, while little or no change or even decreases for maize and sorghum yields, varying according to the climate scenario and the agricultural region investigated. Taking the “no regrets” principle into consideration, we explore the advantages of specific adaptation strategies specifically for three crops viz. maize, sorghum and bambara groundnut, under GISS A2 and B2 marker scenarios only. Changing sowing dates may be ineffective in counteracting adverse climatic effects because of the narrow rainfall band that strictly determines the timing of farm operations in Cameroon. In contrast, the possibility of developing later maturing new cultivars proved to be extremely effective in offsetting adverse impacts, giving the highest increases in productivity under different scenario projections without management changes. For example, under climate change scenario GISS A2 2080, a 14.6% reduction in maize yield was converted to a 32.1% increase; a 39.9% decrease in sorghum yield was converted to a 17.6% increase, and for bambara groundnut (an under-researched and underutilised African legume), yields were almost trebled (37.1% increase above that for sowing date alone (12.9%)) due to increase length of growing period and the positive effects of higher CO₂ concentrations. These results may better inform wider studies and development strategies on sustainable agriculture in the area by providing an indication as to the potential direction in shifts in production capabilities. Our approach highlights the benefit of using models as tools to investigate potential climate change impacts, where results can supplement existing knowledge. The results provide useful guidance and motivation to public authorities and development agencies interested in food security issues in Cameroon and elsewhere.     

危化品企业安全信用及信用制度的探讨

通过对"信用"与"信用制度"内涵的探讨,给出危化品企业安全信用概念、危化品企业安全信用及信用制度的内涵;指出危化品企业安全信用制度建设应包括企业内部安全信用制度建设和企业外部安全信用制度建设,其中企业外部安全信用制度建设包括社会公众和政府部门两部分;提出危化品企业安全信用方面存在的问题,并对建设危化品企业安全信用制度的可能性与必要性进行分析。笔者认为,危化品企业安全信用及信用制度的建设对危化品企业投资、融资具有现实的意义,同时促进了政府对企业的监管。     

论城市公共安全的风险管理

从城市公共安全风险管理系统的研究出发,结合城市公共安全管理的特点,从城市工业危险源、公共场所、公共设施、公共卫生、自然灾害、生态环境、恐怖袭击等存在的风险,探讨其风险的特点;提出风险管理的步骤和原则;强调我国已进入风险社会和加强城市公共安全风险管理的重要性;指出了我国城市公共安全风险管理存在的问题,简单介绍了美国、日本、英国、俄罗斯等国家风险管理的经验;就我国城市公共安全风险管理现状,提出具体对策并构建了城市公共安全风险管理的基本框架。重点阐述了城市公共安全管理的内涵、现状、存在问题和应对措施并指出建立完善的城市公共安全管理体系是做好城市公共安全风险管理的有效办法。     

论政府生态环境损害赔偿责任的承担

政府承担生态环境损害赔偿责任的理论基础是政府对环境质量负责,政府对环境质量负责的实质是政府作为公共环境的管理者和控制者对维护公共环境利益所负担的安全保障义务。根据政府的环境安全保障义务,政府承担生态环境损害赔偿责任应以过错推定为归责原则,责任构成的核心是政府负有其职责范围内特定的环境安全保障义务,因未尽环境安全保障义务间接引发生态环境损害。由于政府未尽环境安全保障义务的行为并非直接也并不必然导致生态环境损害,所以政府一般仅根据自身行为的可责性及其程度对生态环境损害承担补充性的赔偿责任,只有在特殊情况下才承担连带赔偿责任,在政府不负有特定环境安全保障义务的情况下政府不承担赔偿责任。