大型浮顶油罐的危险性分析及安全对策

随着我国经济的飞速发展,国内储油罐趋向大型化发展。大型储罐具有节约钢材、占地少、投资低、便于操作管理等优点。油罐内储存的各种油品一般都具有易挥发、易流失、易燃烧、易爆炸等性质,一旦发生火灾,就会造成重大的经济损失。而且油罐火灾损失巨大,难以扑救,所以说油罐的安全已成为石油化工行业的焦点。针对大型浮顶油罐的危险性,对大量的事故案例进行了分析。在此基础上,提出了强调使用二次密封技术,设计、施工和管理上加强浮船与罐壁之间的密封,安装火灾报警和自动泡沫灭火系统,重视中央排水叠管的密封性及油罐基础的稳定性等安全对策措施。     

外浮顶油罐雷击起火概率计

大型外浮顶储罐多次发生雷击起火事故,因此对其安全性做出客观评价,计算雷击起火概率现实意义重大。通过分析雷电对外浮顶油罐的危害方式,利用蒙特卡洛方法结合电气几何模型计算外浮顶油罐年雷击率。分析采用导静电线和可伸缩接地装置（RGA）的防护效果差别。最后计算安装可伸缩接地装置后油罐遭受雷击产生火花放电的年事故率。计算结果表明:年雷击率随着油罐直径和罐壁高度的增大而增加;采用可伸缩接地装置的防护效果明显优于传统导静电线;安装多个可伸缩接地装置可以明显降低产生火花的概率和年事故率。两个RGA就可以将油罐遭受雷击产生火花放电的年事故率降至10-5以下。     

浅谈MTBE汽油添加剂的应用对环境的影响

介绍了MTBE汽油添加剂净化汽车尾气的作用,分析污染地下水源和遭到禁用的原因,提出建议.     

卫星云图样本集的FCM优化调整与云类判别

基于云类样本的红外-可见光二维灰度空间投影,采用模糊聚类方法调整优化云类样本特征区域,消除采样误差。针对常规模糊C均值聚类(FCM)方法在处理上述问题时表现出的局限性,提出用样本特征均值替代FCM中随机初始中心的改进办法,既避免了常规FCM方法对初始中心敏感的缺陷,又可纠正其聚类结果对云类样本特征结构的歪曲。改进后的聚类结果既消除了采样误差,又保持了云类样本的基本特征属性,基于该判据的分类结果可较为准确地分辨出陆地、水体、低云、中云、卷云和积雨云,分割判别效果符合客观实际。     

Determination of chlorothalonil residues in coffee

Coffee beans were treated with the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,3‐benzene‐dicarbonitrile) and the residues were determined by high‐performance liquid Chromatograph (HPLC). Several techniques including Soxhlet extraction (SE), microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were compared for the extraction of residues. A column clean‐up procedure was developed to remove the co‐extractives in the extract before HPLC analysis. The overall mean recoveries from extracts obtained by SE, MAE and ASE were 89.2 ±3.9, 88.4 ±1.9 and 82.8 ±0.3, respectively. The results show that MAE followed by HPLC is a viable alternative to the commonly used SE and gas Chromatographic analysis for the determination of chlorothalonil in coffee.     

淮河蚌埠段采样点鱼虾贝类重金属的富集

应用WFX-110型原子吸收分光光度法测定淮河蚌埠段污染较重采样点鱼虾贝类不同组织中重金属(Cu,Mn,Zn,Fe,Ni,Cd和Pb)的含量.结果表明:在同一组织中w(Fe),w(Zn),w(Cu),w(Mn)和w(Ni)高于w(Cd)和w(Pb),变化趋势为日本沼虾>河蚌>鱼;鱼虾贝类不同组织重金属含量变化趋势为w(Fe)>w(Mn)>w(Zn)>w(Ni)>w(Cu)>w(Pb)>w(Cd).w(Cu),w(Mn),w(Zn)和w(Fe)在肠、鳃、肝胰脏等组织中较高,在精巢、肌肉等组织中较低;w(Ni),w(Cd)和w(Pb)在肝胰脏、鳃等组织中较高,在肌肉、脑等组织中较低.其中,日本沼虾和河蚌对重金属元素的富集能力明显强于淡水鱼类;而肝胰脏和鳃是鱼虾贝类体内重金属富集的主要部位;其食用部分w(Cd)和w(Pb)均超过无公害食品水产品中有害物质限量(NY 5073—2006)和人体卫生消费标准,因此不宜食用,表明淮河蚌埠段采样点附近生物受重金属影响明显.      

漂珠负载Ce掺杂Bi_2O_3光催化剂的制备及其处理含油废水性能

以漂珠为载体制备了Ce掺杂Bi_2O_3可见光响应催化剂。采用XRD、FTIR、SEM和DRS等表征手段对制备的催化剂进行了结构和形貌研究。以4#燃料油配制模拟含油废水,研究了催化剂在可见光作用下的光催化性能。表征结果显示:Ce掺杂Bi_2O_3成功负载到漂珠载体上,以四方相β-Bi_2O_3、α-Bi_2O_3和Ce O_2的形式存在;与空白Bi_2O_3相比,Ce掺杂Bi_2O_3固有的边带吸收波长拓展至544 nm。实验结果表明,在500℃条件下焙烧3 h制备的催化剂光催化效率最高,光照70 min时,油去除率可达88%。     

斜板沉降器油水分离试验

为了满足油田或炼油厂含油污水处理达标排放和水资源的再利用,对斜板沉降器的油水分离机理进行了研究。通过理论推导得出上浮速度的关联式,结合试验分别对其结构参数和操作参数进行优化,找到板长、板间距、倾角及板间流速的最佳值。结果表明:优化后的斜板沉降器有较好的油水分离效果。     

MBBR工艺中不同曝气方式充氧效率的比较及工程应用

通过设定不同的进水方式、曝气量、悬浮填料投加比,对比研究了MBBR工艺中三种曝气方式——均匀曝气、渐进曝气、单侧曝气的充氧效率,并且运用Matlab软件,采用非线性回归法计算测试条件下的饱和溶解氧浓度Cs和氧总传质系数KLα。得出:投加悬浮填料能明显提升原有曝气方式的充氧效率,但首先须保证填料在水中有一定活动强度,否则反会降低充氧效率;均匀曝气本身的充氧效率最佳,不过由于需要更大的气容比来带动填料运动,运行成本高于另外两种方式。     

Ultrasound-assisted emulsification solidified floating organic drop microextraction for the determination of trace amounts of copper in water samples

A simple and efficient liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) technique was developed using ultrasound-assisted emulsification solidified floating organic drop microextraction (USAE-SFODME) combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry, for the extraction and determination of trace copper in water samples. 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) was used as chelating agent. Microextraction efficiency factors (including extraction solvent type, extraction volume, time, temperature, and pH), the amount of the chelating agent, and salt effect were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions, figures of merit of the proposed method were evaluated. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 20–600 mg·L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.76 mg·L⁻¹. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) for ten replicate measurements of 20 and 400 mg·L⁻¹ of copper was 3.83% and 2.65%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to tap water, river water, and sea water, and accuracy was assessed through the analysis of certified reference water or recovery experiments.