地震人员伤亡研究的回顾与进展

回顾了国内外在地震人员伤亡评估方面的主要研究工作,介绍了近年来该领域的主要进展, 给出了动态评估地震人员伤亡的方法。     

汶川地震局部地形对地震动的影响

关于局部地形对地震动的影响,一直是地震工程学的研究热点。选取汶川地震中自贡地形台有强震记录的山脊地形和典型地震灾害的北川县城河谷地形进行了强震观测记录、规范方法和数值模拟下的地形放大效应分析,结果表明:(1)规范法基本上可满足一般工程场地的要求;(2)对人员密集居住的高度大于60 m的较陡地形,建议应进行二维(三维)数值模拟下的地形效应分析。这为规范的修订提供了一些基础资料。     

茅草街大桥主桥的地震反应分析

以湖南茅草街大桥为研究对象,采用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了该钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的三维有限元模型并对其进行模态分析,在此基础上运用反应谱法计算了该桥的纵向、横向和竖向地震响应,探讨了主要结构参数对中承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥地震响应的影响,可为大跨钢管混凝土拱桥的抗震设计提供理论参考。     

地震作用下土‐深埋地下结构相互作用的高效时程分析方法∗

基于黏弹性边界和将场地地震反应转化为等效荷载的有限元直接法是目前进行地震作用下土-结构相互作用分析的常用时程分析方法之一。当结构埋深较深时,整个土-结构系统的有限元模型自由度数目较多,尤其对于三维问题,计算效率低。提出一种高效分析方法,即一维场地反应分析仍然针对整个深厚土层,在后续的土-结构相互作用分析中将土-结构计算模型的自由表面向下移动、底边界面向上移动到接近结构的位置,通过缩减土-结构相互作用模型尺寸来提高计算效率。采用理论分析与数值算例,通过与采用整个深厚土层的传统土-结构相互作用分析结果对比,说明提出的高效分析方法能够满足精度要求,并且针对不同结构尺寸、结构埋深和围岩等级给出上、下人工边界位置的建议。     

南海海域地震海啸潜在危险的探析

本文对南海海域的海底地形地貌、海水深度、地质构造格局、断裂活动、地震和海啸的活动等进行分析,认为南海北、西、南以及中部都不具备发生地震海啸的基本条件.而南海东部边缘的台湾南部～菲律宾以西的马尼拉海沟,不仅具备发生地震海啸的条件,而且是南海亚板块向菲律宾板块的俯冲带,强震活动频繁且倾滑型或具有倾滑分量的走滑型地震比例很高,同时历史上也曾发生多次海啸,是南海最有可能引发地震海啸的潜在地区.     

倏逝波荧光免疫传感器在环境检测中的研究进展

倏逝波荧光免疫传感器是利用光波在波导内,以全反射方式传输时在波导界面产生倏逝波,结合荧光免疫分析原理进行检测的一类新型传感器.该类传感器具有特异性强、灵敏度高、检测速度快、费用低、操作简便等优点,在环境检测、医学临床、食品卫生等领域具有广泛的应用前景.在介绍倏逝波荧光免疫传感器原理、结构及其特点的基础上,综述了该类传感器在环境检测领域的研究进展.     

Attenuation of a point blast shock wave in the dusty air

The behavior of the blast impulse initiated by a point blast in the dusty air is investigated theoretically. It is shown that the jumps of parameters at the shock front in the dusty air follow other regularities in comparison with the case of an ideal gas, beginning from the distance of three dynamic radii, so at ten dynamic radii the difference in overpressure exceeds 60%. When the air heterogeneity is taken into account, substantial gradual changes of wave profile come over and the total blast wave impulse can't be determined by the front overpressure only. The known far asymptotic law takes no place in the point blast flow at the volume dust densities ρ₂₀ > 3·10^?3 kg/m³. In contrast to the ideal gas, the shock front discontinuity vanishes in the dusty air at a finite distance from its origin and the blast wave eventually turns into a dispersive wave without discontinuity. The wave structure changing is studied in the process of the shock wave transformation into the dispersive wave.     

弹性波法测试火灾后混凝土动弹性模量应用研究

混凝土动弹性模量是混凝土构件在动荷载作用下应力与应变的比值,是混凝土建筑物承受动荷载(包括地震荷载、冲击、爆炸)作用及灾害影响(火灾、酸雨侵蚀等)后,分析结构力学特性的一个重要参数,同时也是评价混凝土耐久性安全性的一个关键指标.该文对比介绍了基于冲击弹性波的动弹性模量测试方法、原理,并给出相关验证实例及对比材料.通过对...     

舰载机机载设备弹射和拦阻冲击试验条件研究

弹射和拦阻冲击试验是舰载机机载设备必要的考核试验之一,而目前相关标准并未明确试验具体量值,且国内缺少试验经验,这会影响试验工作的开展。基于此,从GJB 150.18A—2009规定的阻尼正弦波出发,结合项目研制过程数据,提出波形频率和振幅的确定方法。波形频率可根据类似机型的地面共振试验数据或全机振动模态分析结果确定,这里利用弹性缩比模型地面动响应试验和带通滤波法来预计瞬态波振幅,并说明了阻尼正弦波实施案例和对试验设备冲程的要求。从累积损伤角度出发,认为采用随机振动试验替代弹射和拦阻冲击试验是可行的,而不能采用常规冲击试验进行替代。根据随机振动3σ响应谱和冲击响应谱的对比分析,提出了采用振动功能试验替代弹射和拦阻冲击试验的前提条件——设备安装频率应高于要求值。     

Predicting non-carcinogenic hazard quotients of heavy metals in pepper (Capsicum annum L.) utilizing electromagnetic waves

• There was significant absorption of heavy metals by the pepper in contaminated soils. • The target hazard quotient (THQ) indices followed the order of Pb>Zn>>Cd » Ni. • Relationships exist between contaminated plants and electromagnetic wave. • PCA and random search can select the main spectra and predict THQ for each element. Given the tendency of heavy metals to accumulate in soil and plants, the purpose of this study was to determine the contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn on peppers (leaves and fruit) grown in contaminated soils in industrial centers. For this purpose, we measured the uptake of the four heavy metals by peppers grown in the heavy metal contaminated soils throughout the four growth stages: two-leaf, growth, flowering, and fruiting, and calculated various vegetation indices to evaluate the heavy metal contamination potentials. Electromagnetic waves were also applied for analyzing the responses of the target plants to various heavy metals. Based on the relevant spectral bands identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and random search methods, a regression method was then employed to determine the most optimal spectral bands for estimating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The THQ was found to be the highest in the plants contaminated by Pb (THQ= 62) and Zn (THQ= 5.07). The results of PCA and random search indicated that the spectra at the bands of b₅₇₀, b₆₅₀, and b₇₆₀ for Pb, b₄₀₀ and b₁₀₃₀ for Ni, b₄₀₀ and b₈₈₀ for Cd, and b₅₆₀, b₉₁₀, and b₁₀₅₀ for Zn were the most optimal spectra for assessing THQ. Therefore, in future studies, instead of examining the amount of heavy metals in plants by chemical analysis in the laboratory, the responses of the plants to the electromagnetic waves in the identified bands can be readily investigated in the field based on the established correlations.