A new shock tube configuration for studying dust-lifting during the initiation of a coal dust explosion

The traditional defence against propagating coal dust explosions is the application of dry stone dust. This proven and effective safety measure is strictly regulated based on extensive international experience. While new products, such as foamed stone dust, offer significant practical benefits, no benchmark tests currently exist to certify their dust lifting performance in comparison to dry stone dust. This paper reviews the coal dust explosion mechanism, and argues that benchmark testing should focus on dust lifting during the initial development of the explosion, prior to arrival of the flame. In a practical context, this requires the generation of shock waves with Mach numbers ranging from 1.05 to 1.4, and test times of the order of 10's to 100's of milliseconds. These proposed test times are significantly longer than previous laboratory studies, however, for certification purposes, it is argued that the dust lifting behaviour should be examined over the full timescales of an actual explosion scenario. These conditions can be accurately targeted using a shock tube at length scales of approximately 50 m. It is further proposed that useful test time can be maximised if an appropriately sized orifice plate is fitted to the tube exit, an arrangement which also offers practical advantages for testing. The paper demonstrates this operating capability with proof-of-concept experiments using The University of Queensland's X3 impulse facility.     

综合物探技术在矿井工作面底板含水构造探测中的应用

为了查明汾源煤业文明矿5-101首采工作面底板岩层赋水情况和煤层地质异常体情况,并对其进行突水危险性区域划分及评价,采用瞬变电磁法、直流电法和无线电波透视法三种物探方法综合勘探,综合分析三种物探方法探查结果,并结合揭露情况和钻孔验证。结果表明:位于切眼往外(0~250)m范围内,工作面底板相对破碎、裂隙岩溶发育或富水性强,导高大,且煤层内部较不均匀,存在多条5m以上落差含水断裂破碎带,此区域突水危险性最大;切眼往外(300~380)m范围内存在局部富水区域,导高较小,但不存在构造破碎带,突水可能性较小;工作面其他区域都较安全。综合物探比单一物探更具有准确性和可靠性,更符合工程实际情况,为采取针对性的治理措施从而实现安全回采提供了参考依据。     

Simulation analysis on structure safety of coal mine mobile refuge chamber under explosion load

In order to check structural strength of coal mine mobiles refuge chamber, and do security evaluation of the mobile refuge chamber, a refuge chamber model was established, then a finite element method was instituted for it to ensure the refuge chamber would not be severely damaged when gas or coal dust explosion suddenly happened. A triangle shock wave with 1.2 MPa over-pressure, 300 ms lasting time was settled. Explicit nonlinear dynamic analysis program was used to simulate response of the refuge chamber. The maximum stress was 244 MPa, located in central part of sides and tail end of the last capsule. The maximum displacement was 29.32 mm, located in central part of sides and tail end of the last capsule. The calculation indicated that the refuge chamber was not obviously damaged. It could reliable work to meet safety requirements. Compared with the reported experimental results, the simulation method was verified. Based on analysis, suggestions were put forward for further improving.     

基于皮电、心率和β波的指挥人员应急能力度量

指挥人员的应急能力是决定应急工作效率的重要因素,按照生理、心理性指标度量的指挥人员的应急能力,是选择指挥人员的重要依据之一。首先,分析指挥人员应急能力与情绪、生理性应激的关系。然后,利用E-prime软件,通过情绪Stroop效应范式诱发情绪,用生物反馈仪测量生理性应激状态下生理指标变化,研究高应急能力指挥人员应具备的能力条件。试验结果表明,高应急能力组人员应激前后皮电、心率、β波以及反应时间等指标变化率显著低于低应急能力组人员。试验结果与人的应急能力分类指标相符,能力较强的指挥人员的生理指标变化率较低,适合从事应急指挥方面的工作。     

地铁车站结构地震反应分析的子结构法

对 1 995年日本阪神地震中地铁车站的破坏现象进行了研究 ,分析了地铁车站的地震破坏机理 ;采用二维子结构分析方法和软件SASSI2 0 0 0 ,分别对水平向和竖向地震动作用下神户大开地铁车站结构的地震反应进行了数值模拟分析。首先采用SHAKE91程序计算自由场土体的动剪切模量和阻尼比 ,在SASSI2 0 0 0中不再考虑土体的非线性 ,在建模时把地铁车站上方的土体作为车站的附属结构。把本文的计算结果与 1 995年阪神地震中该车站的震害进行了详细的对比分析 ,发现本文所得的大开地铁车站地震反应规律与其震害完全吻合 ,本文的计算结果能够合理的解释神户大开地铁车站的各种震害现象。因此 ,本文对地下车站的抗震设计具有一定的参考价值和指导意义     

应用强震应力降和视应力进行震后趋势快速判定的可能性

收集整理了中国大陆107次M≥5.0地震的震型、发震断层性质等资料,分不同发震断层性质和不同震型两种情况,比较了不同地震视应力的大小关系。结果显示,地震视应力的高低和发震断层性质有关,也和地震类型有关。走滑型地震的视应力高于非走滑型地震的视应力,走滑断层中孤立型地震视应力低于多震型地震视应力。非走滑型地震情况则复杂得多,既有视应力很高的孤立型地震,也有视应力很低的多震型地震。为了进一步探索利用强震本身的信息快速判定震型的方法,还通过视应力计算了18例强震的静态应力降与动态应力降之比值Y,得到当Y>0.2时,强震可能为孤立型或近孤立型的主震—余震型地震,当Y<0.2时,强震可能为多震型或强余震丰富的主震—余震型地震的认识。     

多点激励下结构抗震可靠度分析的反应谱方法

既有的多点激励反应谱方法均只能给出结构地震峰值反应的均值,而不能给出峰值反应的标准差,从而无法进行合理的结构抗震可靠性分析。本文首先介绍了一种多点激励下结构随机地震反应分析的简化反应谱方法,在此基础上,发展了基于多点激励反应谱理论的结构抗震可靠度计算方法。以一两绔连续梁为例,通过Monte Carlo模拟对这一方法进行了验证。计算结果表明,本文建议的可靠度分析方法具有良好的精度。     

Modelling the propagation of an internal solitary wave across double ridges and a shelf-slope

Evolution of the internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern South China Sea (SCS) has recently attracted the attention of many oceanographers in Taiwan and the United States. These ISWs are believed to have been induced by a branch of the Kuroshio current over Luzon Strait, which propagates westward over two ridges in the Luzon Strait between Taiwan and the Philippines, and further onto the continental margin with a shelf-slope in the SCS. This paper presents some preliminary results for the evolution of a depression ISW across two triangular obstacles using numerical modelling and laboratory experiments. The experimental results confirm that the intervals and relative height between the two obstacles are important factors in the interaction of an ISW with the obstacles. However, in the case of the movement of an ISW of depression-type across the Luzon Strait, the effect of the two ridges on the characteristics of the ISW might be less significant than that from the shelf-slope, due to the variations in relative water depth. Results from numerical experiments also show that the amplitude of an ISW can be augmented once the wave commences its contact with a shelf-slope, where an internal hydraulic jump and wave breaking with vortex motion are evident in the laboratory experiments. Eventually, an ISW of depression-type could become an elevation-type at the edge of the continental shelf landwards beyond the turning point, where the upper layer is larger than the bottom layer in a stratified water column.     

地铁引起的地面振动传播

依埋深波源在弹性半空间的传播原理,提出了地铁波源引起的地面振动实用计算公式和传递系数。对地铁波源的P波、S波引起的地面面波叠加,得出地面振动计算公式。实用计算公式与数个地铁工程运行所致的地面振动现场实测作了比较,能满足工程精度。     

Earthquake insurance pricing: a risk‐based approach

Flat earthquake premiums are ‘uniformly’ set for a variety of buildings in many countries, neglecting the fact that the risk of damage to buildings by earthquakes is based on a wide range of factors. How these factors influence the insurance premiums is worth being studied further. Proposed herein is a risk‐based approach to estimate the earthquake insurance rates of buildings. Examples of application of the approach to buildings located in Taipei city of Taiwan were examined. Then, the earthquake insurance rates for the buildings investigated were calculated and tabulated. To fulfil insurance rating, the buildings were classified into 15 model building types according to their construction materials and building height. Seismic design levels were also considered in insurance rating in response to the effect of seismic zone and construction years of buildings. This paper may be of interest to insurers, actuaries, and private and public sectors of insurance.