江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及其风险评价

为揭示江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征,采集江苏省8个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,测定了8种重金属的含量,并利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属的污染现状以及潜在生态风险程度进行评价。结果表明:江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为634~1 031、66~138、76.0~97.5、39.2~56.3、25.2~50.1、9.9~27.1、0.15~2.98、24.6~51.6mg/kg。地积累指数法评价结果表明,Cd是江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中最主要的污染物,Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Ni在一些湖泊为轻度污染,Mn和Cr处于无污染水平。Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,各湖泊综合潜在生态风险程度的高低顺序为:长荡湖石臼湖白马湖滆湖高邮湖洪泽湖澄湖骆马湖,长荡湖达到严重生态风险水平,石臼湖存在重生态风险,白马湖与滆湖处在中等生态风险水平,而骆马湖、洪泽湖、高邮湖以及澄湖重金属污染则处于低生态风险水平。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学

在室内模拟条件下,通过沉积物磷释放动力学实验,研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊13个沉积物的磷释放动力学特征,并分析了沉积物组成特征对磷释放动力学的影响,结果表明:(1)指数动力学模型可以很好地拟合长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,前20h为快反应,磷释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大释放量;(2)沉积物磷释放动力学特征与其组成有关,其中与总氮、总磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关,与沙粒含量呈显著负相关,而与粘粒含量没有达到显著水平,与Olsen-P(0.5mol·L-1NaHCO3,pH8.5提取的磷)和易解吸态磷(RDP)含量达极显著正相关水平;(3)可以根据总磷和有效磷含量来比较和预测湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,且根据有效磷含量可以得到比根据总磷含量更可靠的结果。研究成果可为系统揭示浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制提供依据。     

Quality of Shallow Groundwater and Drainage Water in Irrigated Agricultural Lands in A Mediterranean Coastal Region of Turkey

Spatial and seasonal differences in water quality of drainage water and unconfined shallow groundwater were related to irrigation in Samandağ, a Mediterranean coastal region. Eighteen wells, seven drainage points and Orontes River were monitored bimonthly for one year for analyses of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), cations (Na, K, Ca + Mg) and anions (CO₃, HCO₃, Cl and SO₄). Agricultural irrigation using saline groundwater decreased water quality of Orontes River during the irrigation season (May to September) more than during the non-irrigation season (October to April). Seasonal fluctuations in water quality of shallow groundwater were greater during the irrigation season than the non-irrigation season in the study area. Excessive use of groundwater resulted in a decline in the water table levels in the irrigation season. Water table level rose up to the soil surface in areas where there was a lack of drainage or poor drainage, due to the impact of precipitation in the winter. SAR and pH values of drainage water increased in the irrigation season, while the other properties of drainage water decreased. Irrigation water quality of Orontes River was classified as C₃S₁ in both seasons. Irrigation water quality of shallow groundwater and drainage water varied from C₂S₁ to C₄S₂ in one year. Drainage and well waters were found to be different on yearly basis in terms of Na, SAR (p<0.01) and Ca + Mg concentrations (p<0.001). Ca + Mg concentrations for both sources were different for all sampling dates (p<0.001).     

白洋淀底栖藻类与多环芳烃生态风险相关性研究——基于综合生物反应指数法

湖泊富营养化与有机污染物的交互作用是当前国内外研究热点,为了建立富营养化湖泊中多环芳烃(PAHs)生态效应与底栖藻类群落之间的相关关系。本研究以白洋淀为研究区,选取8个国控样点作为采样点,依据人为干扰程度不同将8个采样点划分为3种生境:生境1(S1和S2)主要遭受上游府河废水排放影响;生境2(S3、S6和S8)主要遭受水产养殖和生活污水的影响;生境3(S4、S5和S7)遭受人为干扰较小。分别在2009年4月、8月和11月收集了底栖藻类样品,并测定了白洋淀中15种PAHs。运用RQ_((NC))和RQ_((MPC))等改进风险熵值(RQ)方法计算PAHs生态风险。研究结果表明:(1)底栖藻类群落指标AD、Chl a、Chl b/a、CHL、CYA、APA、GLU、LEU、PSC和AFDW的值在11月最高,其次是8月和4月;就空间分布而言,这些指标值在生境1中最高,其次是生境2和生境3;而Chl c/a和BAC值在8月最高,其次是11月和4月,从空间分布特征而言,这些指标值在生境3最高;(2)相关分析结果表明,Chl a、Chl b/a、CHL、CYA、APA、GLU、LEU、PSC和AFDW的指标与PAHs污染物浓度呈显著正相关,而Chl c/a和BAC指标与污染物PAHs浓度呈显著负相关;(3)就空间分异特征而言,生境1中的ΣPAHs浓度最高,就季节变化而言,PAHs的浓度从4月到8月逐渐增加,而从8月到11月逐渐下降。各类PAHs表现出与ΣPAHs相同的时空变化特征;(4)IBR与RQ_(ΣPAHs(NCs))呈正相关关系(r=0.827,P0.01);除RQAcy(NCs)外,其他种类PAHs生态风险均与IBR呈相正相关关系(r=0.699~0.899),其中RQ_(BaP(NCs))与IBR显著正相关(r=0.899,P0.01)。此外,除沉积物TP外,IBR与TSI、水中TN、水中TP和沉积物TN也呈显著正相关(r=0.722~0.862)。因此,在富营养化湖泊中应考虑运用底栖藻类IBR生态监测PAHs污染水平。     

煤层注水防治煤与瓦斯突出机理的研究现状与进展

为了深入研究煤层注水的防突机理,在对国内外煤层注水防治煤与瓦斯突出机理研究的基础上,综述煤层注水影响煤体力学性质、采场应力分布及煤体瓦斯解吸特性3方面的研究现状;进而分析我国在煤层注水防突机理研究方面存在的问题,提出当前应急需解决注水对煤体瓦斯的抑制解吸效应问题。笔者认为:确定抑制解吸效应考察、煤体孔隙特性变化及注水煤样吸附解吸甲烷特性等课题的研究是深入探讨的方向,研究成果为进一步认识煤层注水的防突机理提供理论依据。     

基于覆岩空间结构理论的矿压特征分析及应用

基于覆岩空间结构理论,一面采空、两面采空边界条件下覆岩结构称为“O”型和“S”型,结合矿压知识及工程背景的特殊条件,将二者转换过程中覆岩结构定义为“O-S”型。在系统分析三种结构构成、运移规律和应力分布特征的基础上,对矿山动力事件进行分析与防治;现场侧向支承压力监测结果显示基于覆岩空间结构理论的结构构成及相关计算相似,现场顶板岩层离层监测结果显示基于覆岩空间结构理论的覆岩运移规律阐述可靠,工作面矿压特征监测结果显示基于覆岩空间结构理论的特厚煤层矿压特征分析与实际发生情况基本一致,研究可为类似条件下矿压特征分析与岩层控制提供一定借鉴。     

棱状钻杆应用于松软突出煤层钻进强度匹配研究

为解决棱状钻具的强度匹配问题,应用实体设计和数值分析软件,建立不同结构棱状钻具力学分析模型,对其进行强度分析,优化棱状钻具结构。分析结果表明,常规棱状类钻具整体强度匹配不合理,丝扣位置存在受力薄弱点,安全系数较低且整体分布不均衡。可采取加大接头直径、优化接头及棱边结构、应用摩擦焊接工艺等技术手段提高棱状钻具整体强度;改进后的棱状钻杆,整体安全系数分布均衡、波动小,钻杆整体力学性能得到了有效的提高。通过工程应用,解决了煤矿复杂条件煤层钻孔施工丢钻、断钻频繁的被动局面,平均深度超过了设计深度,钻进效率提高20     

AUTOMATED METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BASEFLOW AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE FROM STREAMFLOW RECORDS1

ABSTRACT: To quantify and model the natural ground water recharge process, six sites located in the midwest and eastern United States where previous water balance observations had been made were compared to computerized techniques to estimate: (1) base flow and (2) ground water recharge. Results from an existing automated digital filter technique for separating baseflow from daily streamflow records were compared to baseflow estimates made in the six water balance studies. Previous validation of automated baseflow separation techniques consisted only of comparisons with manual techniques. In this study, the automated digital filter technique was found to compare well with measured field estimates yielding a monthly coefficient of determination of 0.86. The recharge algorithm developed in this study is an automated derivation of the Rorabaugh hydrograph recession curve displacement method that utilizes daily streamflow. Comparison of annual recharge from field water balance measurements to those computed with the automated recession curve displacement method had coefficients of determination of 0.76 and predictive efficiencies of 71 percent. Monthly estimates showed more variation and are not advocated for use with this method. These techniques appear to be fast, reproducible methods for estimating baseflow and annual recharge and should be useful in regional modeling efforts and as a quick check on mass balance techniques for shallow water table aquifers.     

煤层干式钻进粉尘扩散规律的研究

针对煤层干式钻进过程中粉尘污染严重的问题,分别对新庄孜矿c13煤层及10煤层干式钻进粉尘的分散度和煤的硬度进行测定,分析对比2煤层钻进时粉尘在3 m/s风速下的浓度分布情况;并针对C13煤层,在1.5 m/s,2.3 m/s和3 m/s的风速下测定粉尘浓度分布情况.根据粉尘浓度的实测数据,分析煤层干式钻进粉尘扩散规律....     

富营养浅水湖泊的退化与生态恢复

初步讨论了富营养浅水湖泊的退化现象的造成退化的主要原因，对湖泊生态恢复的目标和对策等问题也作了探讨，以武汉东湖为例，提出以水源保护地为主要功能的富营养浅水胡泊的恢复和整体优化对策，即恢复沉水植被、建立控制面源污染的半自然的人工湿地生态系统，优化水产养殖结构和恢复湖泊生物多样性等。对生物操纵在长江中下游富营养浅水湖泊恢复中的作用也进行了讨论。