共享骑行减污降碳效益研究

共享骑行作为一种新兴的绿色出行方式,凭其便捷、经济、共享的特点,已发展成为一种重要的城市出行交通方式。共享骑行作为一种绿色交通出行方式,可替代能源消耗型交通出行方式,具有明显的减污降碳环境效益。然而,目前关于共享骑行环境效益的定量研究,主要集中在“降碳”方面;对于“减污”的研究较少,尚未见公开发布的核算方法学。本文对共享骑行的“降碳”效益方法学进行了梳理并定量核算了“降碳”效益;对于“减污”效益,采用“降碳”核算方法学的思路进行了定量核算的方法探索。在此基础上,结合某大型共享骑行公司的用户骑行数据,对共享骑行“减污降碳”的环境效益按照有地铁城市和无地铁城市进行了分别核算。结果表明：(1)共享骑行具有显著的“减污”和“降碳”协同环境效益;(2)共享骑行“减污降碳”环境效益在无地铁城市比有地铁城市更为突出;(3)共享电单车比共享人力单车具有更高的环境效益。最后,本文对所采用的核算方法的局限性进行了分析,并提出了共享骑行环境效益核算未来的研究探索方向,包括共享骑行激励政策的制定、不同尺度或区域共享骑行环境效益核算以及出行替代率的方法学研究等。     

松花江依兰江段地表水监测断面污染状况分析

在连续三年监测数据基础上,用单项污染指数,综合污染指数和污染负荷分担率及历史数据均值偏差估算等方法,对五个监测断面的污染状况进行评价,得出科学的评价结论.     

A cross‐level model of shared leadership,meaning, and individual creativity

Research on leadership and creativity is dominated by the study of leadership from people in formal leadership positions. The very nature of creativity requires self‐direction, however. This points to shared leadership, a process in which members dynamically share the leadership role, as a particularly relevant influence to consider. Drawing on psychological empowerment theory, we develop the shared leadership perspective on individual creativity. We argue that shared leadership has a cross‐level influence on individual creativity that is mediated by the experience of meaning of work and moderated by individual differences in power distance value: for individuals lower on power distance, shared leadership has a positive linear relationship with individual creativity; for individuals higher on power distance, shared leadership has a curvilinear relationship with individual creativity that is decreasingly positive. Using a sample of 623 members from 95 teams in 34 Chinese organizations, we find support for this multilevel model. Findings offer theoretical implications for shared leadership and creativity research and provide managerial implications.     

Linguistic diversity and conservation opportunities at UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa

Africa contains much of Earth's biological and cultural–linguistic diversity, but conserving this diversity is enormously challenging amid widespread poverty, expanding development, social unrest, and rapidly growing human population. We examined UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Natural World Heritage Sites (WHSs) on continental Africa and nearby islands—48 protected areas containing globally important natural or combined natural and cultural resources—to gauge the potential for enlisting Indigenous peoples in their conservation. We used geographic information system technology to identify instances where Natural WHSs co-occur with Indigenous languages, a key indicator of cultural diversity. And, we compared the geographic ranges for 4 taxa and selected freshwater species with occurrence of all Indigenous languages within Natural WHSs and subsections of WHSs covered by the geographic extent of Indigenous languages to measure the correlation between linguistic and biological diversity. Results indicated that 147 languages shared at least part of their geographic extent with Natural WHSs. Instances of co-occurrence where a WHS, a language, or both were endangered marked localities particularly deserving conservation attention. We examined co-occurrence of all languages and all species, all languages and endangered species, and endangered languages and endangered species and found a correlation between linguistic and biological diversity that may indicate fundamental links between these very different measures of diversity. Considering only endangered species or endangered languages and species reduced that correlation, although considerable co-occurrence persisted. Shared governance of government-designated reserves is applicable for natural WHSs because it capitalizes on the apparent connection between culture and nature. Natural WHSs in Africa containing speakers of Indigenous languages present opportunities to conserve both nature and culture in highly visible settings where maintaining natural systems may rely on functioning Indigenous cultural systems and vice versa.     

Shared values for the marine environment – developing a culture of practice for marine spatial planning

Though still relatively new, the development of marine spatial planning has been based on the on the premise that as a rational planning process, it can be applied following universal principles and steps informed by land-based inspired theoretical underpinnings. However, within this process, differences between marine and terrestrial environments are being overlooked, potentially affecting the way in which the marine environment is understood and valued, and the development of a culture of practice for, and specific to, marine spatial planning. By framing planning as a cultural construct, this paper aims to explore the extent to which land-based rationales are affecting the development of a marine spatial planning culture of practice, with its own ethos and shared values. A culturalised planning model adapted from [Knieling, J. and Othengrafen, F. (2015). Planning culture—a concept to explain the evolution of planning policies and processes in Europe? European Planning Studies, 23(11), 2133–2147] is used as a framework. Whilst acknowledging the importance of the contributions from land-based planning and the ecological sciences, the findings suggest that those unconscious beliefs and perceptions affecting society’s understanding of the marine environment should contribute to informing shared values for marine spatial planning practice.     

“一带一路”倡议下跨境流域生态补偿——国际经验与中国对策

跨境流域生态补偿机制的构建,是实现"一带一路"倡议目标的重要基础,有助于化解资源冲突、协调区域发展、增进利益协同,进而增强政治互信,加快经济融合,提升文化包容,推进命运共同体构建。本文基于对西方国家跨境流域生态补偿研究与实践的梳理,总结归纳出西方跨境流域生态补偿中强调流域生态系统分析、注重不同付费原则相互配搭、重视双/多边协商、建立多层次综合管理体系等经验。在此基础上,针对现阶段中国跨境流域生态补偿所面临的挑战,提出加强跨境协商合作平台建设、重视对跨境流域生态系统研究以及构建多层次协同管理体系等应对措施。     

THE OPTIMALITY OF CAPACITY SHARING IN STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS OF SHARED RESERVOIR OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with finding an optimal allocation of water entitlements for each of two users of water who share a reservoir. Two instruments of allocation are considered. The first, release sharing, involves sharing the releases from the reservoir; the second, capacity sharing, is concerned with allocating to each user of water a share of inflows, reservoir capacity and leakage and evaporation losses. Stochastic dynamic programming problems of reservoir operation under each type of sharing arrangement are formulated. It is shown that the maximum discounted expected profit from reservoir operation over the life of the storage using capacity sharing is at least as large as that obtained using release sharing and that release sharing is not Pareto efficient.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.     

Two ways of defining sustainable mobility: Autolib’ and BeMobility

Abstract

European cities have emerged as laboratories for ‘sustainable mobility'. In the last few years, they have supported numerous electric car projects which combine clean engine technologies with offers on public or shared mobility. This paper compares two ongoing public electric car services in Berlin (BeMobility) and Paris (Autolib’). We explain how both projects shape future visions of sustainable mobility and transform regional transport systems in specific ways through their performative impact as local transport policy tools. Focusing on the socio-economic and political processes through which both projects were conceived and put into practice, we explain their differences as they reflect participating actors' interests in a French versus German industrial and transport policy context after the economic crisis in 2008. We find that whereas BeMobility integrates electric cars as one element in Berlin's intermodal transport system, and thus is centred around ‘intermodality' as the central vision of sustainable transport, Autolib’ in Paris essentially reproduces the dominant mode of private passenger car transport through adding a shared electric car fleet.