离子色谱法测废印刷电路板真空热解气相污染物中HBr、NO2和SO2

在淋洗液中加入H2O2和三乙醇胺配制成吸收液,通过离子色谱法同时测定废印刷电路板真空热解气相产物中HBr、NO_2和SO_2的含量,方法简单、快速、准确。当用50 m L吸收液、采样体积为30 L时,3种污染物的检出限分别为0.000 005 7、0.000 003 4、0.000 002 9 mg/L。该方法加标回收率为95.7%~104.8%,完全能满足废印刷电路板真空热解气相污染物中HBr、NO_2和SO_2的同时测定要求。利用该方法和行标方法同时测定环境空气中的HBr、NO_2和SO_2,再利用Excel分析工具对测定数据进行F检验和t检验,检验结果表明2种测定方法无显著差异。     

采用Design-Expert分析多因素对电路板湿法拆解的影响与优化设计

废旧印刷电路板元器件拆解技术的研究是电子废弃物有效利用的重点环节。通过采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件,对拆解过程中氟硼酸浓度,双氧水浓度和时间对铅、锡焊料的溶出率的影响趋势进行研究,得出最终优化实验方案为在双氧水浓度为0.5 mol·L-1、氟硼酸浓度为2.5 mol·L-1、反应时间为35 min的条件下铅、锡的溶出率分别为90.66%和99.91%,可视为铅、锡完全溶解并实现脱焊。该方法实现了电子元器件与印刷电路板的快速分离,将为电子废弃物的资源化提供理论支持和应用支撑。     

工业余热拆卸废旧电路板

电路板插槽元器件、通孔元器件、大元器件和小元器件的拆卸是废旧电路板资源化的第一步。前三者的拆卸率对后续的电路板粉碎有较大影响,是决定拆卸效果的重要参数。为探究工业余热拆卸废旧电路板方法中通气温度、加热时间和喷吹次数对元器件拆卸率的影响,找出最优的拆卸参数组合,进行了废旧电路板拆卸的正交实验。对元器件拆卸率、关键元器件总拆卸率的极差分析和方差分析表明,通气温度和加热时间的增大有利于元器件拆卸率增大;增加喷吹次数,有利于大元器件和小元器件的拆卸,但过多次数喷吹将造成插槽、通孔元器件引脚弯曲,拆卸率减小;通气温度、加热时间对元器件拆卸的影响不具显著性,喷吹次数仅对大元器件拆卸有显著性影响。综合分析关键元器件的拆卸率：通气温度350℃、加热时间5 min和喷吹6次是最优的拆卸参数组合,关键元器件总拆卸率达到98.6%。     

基于生态安全格局的县域国土空间生态保护修复关键区域识别—以抚州市宜黄县为例

为了有效实现国土空间生态保护与修复,探讨国土空间生态安全格局构建与生态保护修复关键区域识别的方法具有重要意义。以抚州市宜黄县为例,基于“生态源地—景观阻力面—生态廊道”的基本框架,以MSPA（形态空间格局分析）模型识别生态源地,将生态保护重要性评价成果作为指标之一构建景观综合阻力面,集成最小累积阻力模型（MCR）、重力模型和电路理论,识别与提取生态廊道,构建国土空间生态安全格局。在此基础上,基于电路理论识别生态夹点、障碍点,进而判断出宜黄县国土空间生态保护修复的关键区域,对需要修复的关键区域进行修复分区并提出修复建议。结果表明：宜黄县有10个生态源地;生态廊道共19条,包括7条重要生态廊道和12条一般生态廊道;待修复生态夹点20处,障碍点26处;待修复关键区域38处,划定为5个生态修复分区,分别为农业用地生态建设区、城镇绿地建设维护区、河道治理修复区、生态用地维护修复区以及道路生态廊道畅通区。

     

Recycling-oriented characterization of plastic frames and printed circuit boards from mobile phones by electronic and chemical imaging

This study characterizes the composition of plastic frames and printed circuit boards from end-of-life mobile phones. This knowledge may help define an optimal processing strategy for using these items as potential raw materials. Correct handling of such a waste is essential for its further “sustainable” recovery, especially to maximize the extraction of base, rare and precious metals, minimizing the environmental impact of the entire process chain. A combination of electronic and chemical imaging techniques was thus examined, applied and critically evaluated in order to optimize the processing, through the identification and the topological assessment of the materials of interest and their quantitative distribution. To reach this goal, end-of-life mobile phone derived wastes have been systematically characterized adopting both “traditional” (e.g. scanning electronic microscopy combined with microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy) and innovative (e.g. hyperspectral imaging in short wave infrared field) techniques, with reference to frames and printed circuit boards. Results showed as the combination of both the approaches (i.e. traditional and classical) could dramatically improve recycling strategies set up, as well as final products recovery.     

废弃印刷线路板熔融盐气化特性:Ⅱ气化反应动力学模型

为评价不同气化方案对印刷线路板熔融盐气化的影响,针对印刷线路板的熔融盐气化反应过程建立了反应动力学模型.模型计算结果表明,气化反应体系首先发生CO、H2和焦炭的氧化反应.生成较大量的CO2和H2O2,此后反应体系内CO2和HO2与焦炭进行氧化还原反应而逐渐减少,在参加反应的焦炭被消耗完全后,反应体系随着水气变换可逆反应的平衡而达到平衡.     

印刷线路板的超临界流体分离实验

目前印刷线路板(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)的资源化循环利用方法存在材料回收率低和环境污染的不足,采用一种新的超临界流体技术对PCB中的金属及其它成分进行分离处理,在采用丙酮、CO2及Lewis-酸的混合介质及优化的温度和压力反应条件下,获得了90%的金属回收率,高于目前的机械破碎分选实验结果.该方法为线路板的资源化循环再利用提供了一个新的有效选择.     

厌氧发酵方式对乳渣废水产酸性能的影响

为了研究厌氧发酵方式对乳渣废水发酵产酸效果的影响,分别对乳渣废水采用自然型发酵、填料型发酵及中性型发酵（pH=7.0±0.2）,并进行连续2个周期的厌氧反应。分析乳渣废水中可溶性化学需氧量（SCOD）、蛋白质、多糖、挥发性短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）、水解酶（蛋白酶、α-葡萄苷酶）和辅酶420、NH4+-N及PO43--P指标的变化。研究发现,中性产酸系统中水解酶活性较高,蛋白质和多糖等物质水解性能较好,使乳渣废水产酸性能最佳,最大SCFAs积累量为12 328.37 mg-COD·L-1。自然发酵产酸系统中水解酶活性最低,系统中残留大量的蛋白质和多糖等物质,最低SCFAs积累量为4 322.61 mg COD·L-1。同时发现,3个发酵系统中挥发性短链脂肪酸酸成分具有显著差别,其中自然型发酵系统乙酸积累率最大,可达69.70%,中性发酵系统丙酸积累率最大可达49.27%,填料型发酵系统正丁酸积累率最大可达38.85%。     

外循环厌氧处理工艺中布水和三相分离的改进研究

污水处理中的布水设备和三相分离设备存在很多缺点,通过旋流配水装置和传统配水装置、小间距斜板三相分离装置和传统三相分离装置的比较试验,研究了旋流配水装置和小间距斜板三相分离装置的性能.研究结果表明:在相同膨胀率的条件下,旋流配水装置所需的回流量小,能耗相对较少;在水力上升流速为8 m/h时,采用旋流配水装置进水时,污泥分布曲线较平缓,污泥在高度上分布较均匀,而采用传统配水装置进水时,污泥主要分布在反应器底部,污泥浓度分布不均匀;在上升流速相同的情况下,采用小间距三相分离装置的反应器出水携带的颗粒污泥浓度较小;在相同的进水COD浓度时,小间距三相分离装置分离的沼气量较多.改进的布水和三相分离装置的性能明显优于传统的布水和三相分离装置.     

Present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea

In Korea due to rapid economical growth followed by urbanisation, breakage of large traditional families into small nuclear families, continuous changes in equipment features and capabilities causes tremendous increase in sale of new electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and decrease in sale of used EEE. Subsequently, the ever-increasing quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become a serious social problem and threat to the environment. Therefore, the gradual increase in the generation of WEEE intensifies the interest for recycling to conserve the resources and protect the environment. In view of the above, a review has been made related to the present status of the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Korea. This paper describes the present status of generation and recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment, namely TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, personal computers and mobile phones in Korea. The commercial processes and the status of developing new technologies for the recycling of metallic values from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is also described briefly. Since 1998, three recycling centers are in full operation to recycle WEEE such as refrigerators, washing machines and air conditioners, having the total capacity of 880,000 units/year. All waste TVs are recently recycled on commission basis by several private recycling plants. The recycling of waste personal computers and mobile phones is insignificant in comparison with the amount of estimated obsolete those. Korea has adopted and enforced the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system. Korea is making consistent efforts to improve the recycling rate to the standards indicated in the EU directives for WEEE. Especially environmentally friendly and energy-saving technologies are being developed to recycle metal values from PCBs of WEEE.