镉对北京城郊土壤潜在硝化速率的影响

采集北京城郊5个区县的3种土壤褐土、潮土和山地棕壤,通过急性毒性实验,研究了外源添加镉(Cd)对土壤潜在硝化速率(PNR)的影响。结果表明,5个采样点土壤的PNR分别随土壤中总Cd和有效态Cd含量呈先增后减的趋势。所有处理土壤的有效态Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.42,p0.001)优于土壤总Cd含量与PNR的相关关系(R2=0.27,p=0.001)。在土壤总Cd含量和PNR的逐步回归分析中,引入土壤有机质和阳离子交换量(CEC)2个变量可提高其相关性。基于土壤总Cd的EC50(PNR降低至对照50%时的土壤Cd浓度)和有效态Cd的EC50的最大值与最小值之间分别相差2.3倍和3.3倍,而EC10(PNR降低至对照10%的土壤Cd浓度)的最大值与最小值之间分别相差8.5倍和10.8倍。基于总Cd的EC50最低值出现在CEC最小的丰台土壤,而最高值出现在有机质含量最多的灵山土壤,但这2个EC50值未达到显著性差异,表明5个采样点的土壤有机质和CEC虽然在一定程度上影响Cd对PNR的毒性,但不足以引起EC50的显著变化。     

土壤渗滤系统中污染物去除效果分析

在土壤渗滤系统中,水力负荷、有机负荷和碳氮比等因素均对营养盐的处理效率具有显著影响.在实验室控温条件下,分析了不同水力负荷、有机负荷和环境条件对土壤渗滤系统污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在水力负荷小于0.15 m3·m^-2·d^-1的条件下,模拟生活污水中CODCr、总氮和总磷去除率分别达到84％、37％和93％以上,土壤（以干土计）亚硝酸盐细菌数量为4.50× 106 g^-1.装置上层产生的滞水对CODCr和磷酸盐的去除影响不大,但是由于处理系统内溶解氧浓度降低,使得氨氮硝化过程受到抑制,氨氮和总氮的处理效果均变差;在通气良好条件下,较高的碳氮比[m（碳）：m（氮）=5：1]对系统中总氮的去除更为有利.     

Effects of hydraulic retention time on nitrification activities and population dynamics of a conventional activated sludge system

The effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the nitrification activities and population dynamics of a conventional activated sludge system fed with synthetic inorganic wastewater were investigated over a period of 260 days. When the HRT was gradually decreased from 30 to 5 h, the specific ammonium-oxidizing rates (SAOR) varied between 0.32 and 0.45 kg NH4+-N (kg mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)·d)^-1, and the specific nitrate-forming rates (SNFR) increased from 0.11 to 0.50 kg NO3--N (kg MLSS·d)^-1, showing that the decrease in HRT led to a significant increase in the nitrite oxidation activity. According to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis results, the proportion of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOBs) among the total bacteria decreased from 33% to 15% with the decrease in HRT, whereas the fraction of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOBs), particularly the fast-growing Nitrobacter sp., increased significantly (from 4% to 15% for NOBs and from 1.5% to 10.6% for Nitrobacter sp.) with the decrease in HRT, which was in accordance with the changes in SNFR. A short HRT favored the relative growth of NOBs, particularly the fast-growing Nitrobacter sp., in the conventional activated sludge system.     

改进Orbal氧化沟工艺污水处理厂脱氮效果研究

Orbal氧化沟工艺在我国得到了广泛的应用,但在运行过程中也存在着脱氮效果低等问题.通过对Orbal氧化沟运行数据的监测分析和模拟发现,其脱氮效果差的主要原因是由于过度充氧导致氧化沟内溶解氧过高,抑制了系统内反硝化反应顺利进行造成的.通过减少曝气转碟的数量,有效的降低了系统内溶解氧浓度,沟内平均溶解氧浓度从改进前的0.51mg/L降低到改进后的0.20mg/L,提高了系统的脱氮效果.改进后脱氮效率比改造前同期脱氮效率有了显著提高,总氮去除率达到了70%,比去年同期提高了30%.     

3种硝化抑制剂对小麦幼苗生长毒性的比较

在土壤(山西土)中加入不同种类、不同浓度的硝化抑制剂(氢醌、硫脲、双氰胺),研究了其对小麦发芽势、发芽率和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:双氰胺对小麦发芽势和发芽率的抑制作用不明显,硫脲对小麦发芽势和发芽率有一定的抑制作用,而氢醌对小麦发芽势和发芽率抑制明显;双氰胺和氢醌对小麦幼苗生长的影响不大,而硫脲能显著降低小麦幼苗的根长、茎长、根重和茎重;双氰胺对小麦种子和幼苗毒性相对较小,硫脲毒性相对较大,小麦的根重、茎重和根伸长可以作为硫脲对小麦危害的敏感指标.     

Impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification in a bench-scale drinking water distribution system

Nitrification occurs in chloraminated drinking water systems and is affected by water quality parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification potential in a simulated drinking water distribution system as during chloramination. The occurrence of nitrification and activity of nitrifying bacteria was primarily monitored using four rotating annular bioreactors (RAB) with different chlorine to ammonia ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) levels. The results indicated that nitrification occurred despite at a low influent concentration of ammonia, and a high concentration of nitrite nitrogen was detected in the effluent. The study illustrated that reactors 1(R1) and 3 (R3), with higher TOC levels, produced more nitrite nitrogen, which was consistent with the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) counts, and was linked to a relatively more rapid decay of chloramines in comparison to their counterparts (R2 and R4). The AOB and HPC counts were correlated during the biofilm formation with the establishment of nitrification. Biofilm AOB abundance was also higher in the high TOC reactors compared with the low TOC reactors. The chlorine to ammonia ratio did not have a significant impact on the occurrence of nitrification. Bulk water with a high TOC level supported the occurrence of nitrification, and AOB development occurred at all examined chlorine to ammonia dose ratios (3:1 or 5:1).     

微电解耦合同步硝化反硝化工艺强化煤化工废水脱氮效能及微生物群落结构研究

研究探讨微电解耦合同步硝化反硝化(ICME-SND)工艺对煤化工废水氮去除的强化效能及机理.结果表明,在ICME-SND工艺中,煤化工废水的COD、氨氮和总氮的去除率分别为85.99％、85.81％和75.59％,SND效率达到83.06％,显著高于非强化SND工艺.同时,ICME-SND工艺中活性污泥与微电解反应释放...     

Determinants of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural drainage waters

Emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) from agricultural drainage waters are poorly quantified and its determinants are not fully understood. Nitrous oxide formation in agricultural soils is known to increase in response to N fertiliser application, but the response of N₂O in field drainage waters is unknown. This investigation combined an intensive study of the direct flux of N₂O from the surface of a fertilised barley field with measurement of dissolved N₂O and nitrate (NO₃) concentrations in the same fields drainage waters. Dissolved N₂O in drainage waters showed a clear response to field N fertilisation, following an identical pattern to direct N₂O flux from the field surface. The range in N₂O concentrations between individual field drains sampled on the same day was large, indicating considerable spatial variability exists at the farm scale. A consistent pattern of very rapid outgassing of the dissolved N₂O in open drainage ditches was accentuated at a weir, where increased turbulence led to a clear drop in dissolved N₂O concentration. This study underlines the need for carefully planned sampling campaigns wherever whole farm or catchment N₂O emission budgets are attempted. It adds weight to the argument for the downward revision of the IPCC emission factor (EF₅-g) for NO₃ in drainage waters.     

同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥硝化反硝化特性试验研究

在厌氧/好氧交替运行的SBR反应器中,以成熟的脱氮除磷颗粒污泥为研究对象,对其硝化及反硝化特性进行研究.结果表明,静态试验中颗粒污泥的最大硝化速率为14.13 mg·(g·h)-1,最大反硝化速率为34.89 mg·(g·h)-1,最大缺氧吸磷反硝化速率为13.11 mg·(g·h)-1,污泥具有较好的硝化、反硝化性能;反应器中污泥最大硝化速率为4.60 mg·(g·h)-1,最大反硝化速率为1.43 mg·(g·h)-1;通过N的物料平衡得到,同步硝化反硝化反应去除N约为232.5 mg·d-1,占N去除总量的54.3%;另外,颗粒污泥对P和N的去除率分别在95%和90%左右,反应器具有较好的同步脱氮除磷效果.     

生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复及其转化为CANON工艺的过程

在温度为30℃±1℃条件下,以改性聚乙烯为填料,人工配置无机NH+4-N废水为进水,研究生物膜短程硝化系统的恢复过程.短程硝化首先通过过量曝气破坏,使NOB适应高浓度游离氨后,在连续曝气条件下,DO控制在0.5 mg·L~(-1)以下,FA控制在1.5 mg·L~(-1)以上,维持反应器运行83 d未实现短程硝化,84 d改连续曝气为间歇曝气,出现NO-2-N积累现象,142 d再次验证这一规律.随着反应器的运行,生物膜系统中为ANAMMOX菌提供了生存环境,厌氧氨氧化作用产生,短程硝化系统逐步转化为CANON工艺,并逐渐增加进水NH+4-N浓度和进水流量,反应器的TN去除率与TN去除负荷逐渐提高.当反应器运行至450 d,TN去除率达到64.03%,去除负荷为2.52 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).因此,一旦NOB适应了高浓度的游离氨,生物膜系统的短程硝化恢复不易实现,但间歇曝气是一个有效的方法,随着反应器的连续运行,短程硝化工艺最终转化为CANON工艺,而且,这一转变进一步强化了短程硝化的稳定性.