隧道侧部集中排烟模式下排烟速率对烟气层吸穿的影响研究

排烟速率是公路隧道侧部集中排烟模式下烟气层发生吸穿现象最为直接的影响因素.为研究隧道侧部集中排烟模式下烟气层发生吸穿现象的临界条件,分析了隧道侧部集中排烟过程中排烟口处烟气层的受力情况以及不同排烟速率对烟气层吸穿的影响,并结合前人相关的研究成果,进一步分析得到隧道侧部集中排烟模式下排烟口下方烟气层发生吸穿时的临界弗洛德...     

厌氧污泥释放磷的规律及鸟粪石法回收磷的应用研究

城市污水处理厂进行脱氮除磷工艺时,大量的磷从水体转入活性污泥中,如不能回收这部分磷,将造成磷的大量流失,这与磷矿稀缺的现状形成矛盾。通过建立污泥停留时间5 d和10 d的两个厌氧反应系统,对污泥中磷的释放规律进行研究,并采用鸟粪石法对上清液中的磷进行回收。研究结果表明,厌氧污泥上清液中的磷含量高达150 mg.L-1,SRT为5 d和10 d的系统,分别在4 d和2 d后磷的质量浓度由14 mg.L-1上升到100 mg.L-1,且基本上都以正磷酸盐的形式存在。将pH从8.3上升到9.0,磷的回收率可以从60%提升到90%,当pH达到8.8时,磷的回收率即可超过80%,表现出了较好的磷回收效果。研究还发现镁离子和磷酸根的摩尔比对磷的回收率的影响较小,在pH=8.8时,将镁磷比从1.43提升到1.83,磷的回收率仅从79.2%提升到85.5%;在pH=9.0时提高镁磷比对磷的回收基本没有影响。     

Killing Tigers to Save Them: Fallacies of the Farming Argument

Abstract: The lucrative, illegal trade in tigers (Panthera tigris) remains a major conservation problem. Tiger farming has been proposed as a potential solution, with farmed tigers substituting for wild tigers. At first glance, this argument's logic seems simple: farming will increase the supply of tigers, prices will fall, and poaching will no longer be profitable. We contend, however, that this supply‐side argument relies on mistaken assumptions. First, tiger markets are imperfect, meaning they are dominated by a few producers who control price. Second, consumers prefer wild tigers to farmed tigers and therefore the two are not pure substitutes. In economic terms, products from wild tigers are luxury goods, commanding a price premium. Third, there is no evidence that farmed tigers can be produced or sold more cheaply than wild tigers. In sum, it is unlikely that farming will drive down the price of wild‐caught tigers or decrease profitability for tiger poachers. Rather, tiger farming is more likely to increase aggregate demand for tiger products and stimulate higher levels of poaching.     

海峡西岸经济区重点产业发展生态风险评价

针对海西区优越的生态环境质量、重要的生态服务功能和强烈的发展愿景,结合重点产业发展显著的经济、社会效益和强烈的生态影响,通过规划期区域生态状况评价及其动态变化分析,进行海西区重点产业发展生态风险评价.结果表明:2008年海西区生态状况总体较好,但是空间差异显著.区域生态状况的Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级分区主要分布于武夷山区和中部大山带,重点产业近远期发展生态风险以“无风险”和“轻风险”为主,对海西区生态环境保护和生态安全保障具有重要意义;区域生态状况的Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级分区集中于沿海地带,规划期重点产业发展生态风险多属“重风险”等级.不同土地产出率、发展方案下,海西区重点产业发展生态风险及其空间分布呈显著差异由于各地对重点产业发展的强烈愿景,地方愿景规划方案下海西区重点产业发展生态风险相对较强;但是土地产出率的提高有助于海西区减轻、规避重点产业发展生态风险;敖江流域、闽东诸河等地重点产业发展生态风险相对较轻,可以适当增加重点产业及相关产业布局.     

湿陷性黄土层桩基侧摩阻力的试验研究

本文依托西安市东北二环立交工程实际,通过现场黄土层浸水试验以及桩基静载试验,研究在湿陷性黄土层中桩基侧摩阻力和桩端阻力的发挥情况、桩基负摩阻力取值问题及桩周土的沉降变化情况,并分析了其实验结果.在总结国内工程界多次试验结果的基础上,给出了湿陷性黄土层负摩阻取值的科学合理方法及应考虑的因素,并分析了影响负摩阻大小取值的因...     

Degradation mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in supercritical water oxidation

The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)is a potential carcinogens and TNT contaminated wastewater,which could not be effectively disposed with conventional treatments.The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)to treat TNT contaminated wastewater was studied in this article.The TNT concentration in wastewater was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)and the degraded intermediates were analyzed using GC-MS.The results showed that SCWO could degrade TNT efficiently in the presence of oxygen.The reaction temperature,pressure,residence time and oxygen excess were the main contributing factors in the process.The decomposition of TNT was accelerated as the temperature or residence time increased.At 550℃,24 MPa,120 s and oxygen excess 300%,TNT removal rate could exceed 99.9%.Partial oxidation occured in SCWO without oxygen.It was concluded that supercritical water was a good solvent and had excellent oxidation capability in the existence of oxygen.The main intermediates of TNT during SCWO included toluene,1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,nitrophenol,naphthalene,fluorenone,dibutyl phthalate,alkanes and several dimers based on the intermediate analysis.Some side reactions,such as coupled reaction,hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction may take place simultaneously when TNT was oxidized by SCWO.     

基于三维结构分析的碳排放总量控制研究——以浙江省为例

控制碳排放总量是能源环境治理的重要手段,是高质量发展的应有之义,更是我国完成2030年前碳达峰、争取2060年前实现碳中和的必然要求,但目前国家和地方并未明确实行碳排放总量控制。本研究以浙江为例,从能源生产侧、能源消费侧、区域三个维度,分析识别出浙江省碳排放总量控制的重点和难点:能源生产侧减排的重点在于提高非化石电力占比,难点在于推进存量火电机组的碳减排;能源消费侧减排的重点在于控制新上重大产业项目排放,难点在于控制第三产业和居民生活领域碳排放;区域减排的重点在于优化产业布局和用能结构,难点在于对地区碳排放总量缺乏有效约束。并提出电力结构低碳化、重点行业控碳、试点城市率先达峰和政策协同四方面突破点,争取到"十四五"末浙江省碳排放总量得到有效控制,为全国碳排放达峰做出浙江贡献。     

气囊回收系统的着陆适应性仿真分析

目的提出一种气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法,将有限元仿真和理论分析相结合,借助理论分析的优点实现对气囊回收系统着陆缓冲冲击性能快速评估的目的。方法首先建立气囊有限元模型,通过有限元分析获得载荷-压缩量曲线,根据曲线拟合出接触载荷与气囊压缩量的关系式。同时,利用高斯函数模拟斜坡,考虑一质量块和气囊以一定初速度竖直向下撞击到该坡面上,只考虑坡度大小和表面粗糙度对气囊冲击载荷的影响。最后,利用中心差分法计算出质量块的位移、速度以及加速度。结果在撞击点的坡度为0°,20.27°和31.24°时,得到理论的水平方向和竖直方向上的最大过载,与仿真输出的结果进行对照,在误差允许的范围内,理论与仿真结果一致。分析比较不同撞击点的坡度下水平和竖直方向最大过载以及气囊离开地面时的角速度。当撞击点坡度为0°时,水平方向最大过载为0,随着撞击点坡度增大,水平方向的最大过载逐渐增大;竖直方向最大过载的值最大,为224.5 m/s2,随着撞击点坡度增大,竖直方向的最大过载逐渐减小。当撞击点坡度为0°时,角速度为0,气囊离开地面时的角速度逐渐增大,其增幅在0°到20°之间较大。结论气囊着陆缓冲等效分析方法计算得到的结果与仿真得到的结果相一致,验证了该理论计算方法的有效性,因此可以利用该方法对缓冲气囊的冲击性能进行快速评估。     

高层住宅消防车通道设置问题探讨

通过对现行住宅及消防相关规范规定、条文解释的比照与分析,结合即将出台《建筑设计防火规范》、《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》合并的拟修订《建筑设计防火规范》稿及相关规定,根据住宅火灾危害表征及建设工程消防设计审核实践工作经验总结,提出对于高层住宅建筑消防车通道设置,建议可按现行《住宅建筑规范》规定执行,同时充实了新的消防登高车操作面、坡度、场地大小等要求,使得高层住宅消防车通道要求具体化。     

Deformation patterns in WorldSID 50th percentile dummy instrumented with IR-TRACC and RibEye™ in different loading configurations

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different loading configurations on the WorldSID 50th percentile male dummy instrumented either with the Infra-Red Telescoping Rod for the Assessment of Chest Compression (IR-TRACC) or the RibEye? rib deflection measurement system.

Methods: The optical sensors of the RibEye system were used to capture the multipoint deformation of the dummy at frontal and rearward off-center locations in addition to the center of the rib location. The experimental setup consisted of 2 types of loadings: Low severity and high severity. Low-severity loading was performed by deploying a fixture-mounted side airbag on the dummy and high-severity loading was achieved by deploying a driver front airbag mounted in a similar fashion. The low-severity condition aimed at deforming the dummy’s ribs locally at off-center locations where the RibEye light emitting diodes (LEDs) were positioned to capture the deformations at those locations. The high-severity condition aimed at loading the dummy at high speed in lateral and oblique directions similar to what is experienced by dummies in side impacts.

Results: In the low-severity tests, the peak deflections, in terms of length change, were approximately 15–20?mm, whereas for the high-severity cases the peak deflections were in the range of 30–40?mm for both IR-TRACC and RibEye cases.

Conclusions: For similar physical insults, dummies with the IR-TRACC and RibEye systems showed varying results for both length changes and the shoulder forces depending on the severity and direction of loading. Under purely lateral loading, the mid-length changes with the RibEye and the 1D IR-TRACC were comparable. In the oblique loading conditions, more differences were seen with the 2 systems depending on the impact direction. The shoulder forces consistently differed between the 2 systems. In the frontal oblique low-severity cases, the ribs pivoted along the spine end and the length change was not found to be a suitable parameter to quantify rib deformation in such loading scenarios.