湿陷性黄土层桩基侧摩阻力的试验研究

本文依托西安市东北二环立交工程实际,通过现场黄土层浸水试验以及桩基静载试验,研究在湿陷性黄土层中桩基侧摩阻力和桩端阻力的发挥情况、桩基负摩阻力取值问题及桩周土的沉降变化情况,并分析了其实验结果.在总结国内工程界多次试验结果的基础上,给出了湿陷性黄土层负摩阻取值的科学合理方法及应考虑的因素,并分析了影响负摩阻大小取值的因...     

Killing Tigers to Save Them: Fallacies of the Farming Argument

Abstract: The lucrative, illegal trade in tigers (Panthera tigris) remains a major conservation problem. Tiger farming has been proposed as a potential solution, with farmed tigers substituting for wild tigers. At first glance, this argument's logic seems simple: farming will increase the supply of tigers, prices will fall, and poaching will no longer be profitable. We contend, however, that this supply‐side argument relies on mistaken assumptions. First, tiger markets are imperfect, meaning they are dominated by a few producers who control price. Second, consumers prefer wild tigers to farmed tigers and therefore the two are not pure substitutes. In economic terms, products from wild tigers are luxury goods, commanding a price premium. Third, there is no evidence that farmed tigers can be produced or sold more cheaply than wild tigers. In sum, it is unlikely that farming will drive down the price of wild‐caught tigers or decrease profitability for tiger poachers. Rather, tiger farming is more likely to increase aggregate demand for tiger products and stimulate higher levels of poaching.     

厌氧污泥释放磷的规律及鸟粪石法回收磷的应用研究

城市污水处理厂进行脱氮除磷工艺时,大量的磷从水体转入活性污泥中,如不能回收这部分磷,将造成磷的大量流失,这与磷矿稀缺的现状形成矛盾。通过建立污泥停留时间5 d和10 d的两个厌氧反应系统,对污泥中磷的释放规律进行研究,并采用鸟粪石法对上清液中的磷进行回收。研究结果表明,厌氧污泥上清液中的磷含量高达150 mg.L-1,SRT为5 d和10 d的系统,分别在4 d和2 d后磷的质量浓度由14 mg.L-1上升到100 mg.L-1,且基本上都以正磷酸盐的形式存在。将pH从8.3上升到9.0,磷的回收率可以从60%提升到90%,当pH达到8.8时,磷的回收率即可超过80%,表现出了较好的磷回收效果。研究还发现镁离子和磷酸根的摩尔比对磷的回收率的影响较小,在pH=8.8时,将镁磷比从1.43提升到1.83,磷的回收率仅从79.2%提升到85.5%;在pH=9.0时提高镁磷比对磷的回收基本没有影响。     

高层住宅消防车通道设置问题探讨

通过对现行住宅及消防相关规范规定、条文解释的比照与分析,结合即将出台《建筑设计防火规范》、《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》合并的拟修订《建筑设计防火规范》稿及相关规定,根据住宅火灾危害表征及建设工程消防设计审核实践工作经验总结,提出对于高层住宅建筑消防车通道设置,建议可按现行《住宅建筑规范》规定执行,同时充实了新的消防登高车操作面、坡度、场地大小等要求,使得高层住宅消防车通道要求具体化。     

贫氧环境对煤低温氧化特性影响研究

浅埋藏煤层开采过程中,由于地表裂隙导致的漏风,使其经常处于变化的氧浓度场中。针对这一实际情况,利用煤氧化动力学测定系统,对煤样在21%,18%,14%,10.5%,5%,3%氧浓度下,进行程序升温试验。测得了不同温度下指标气CO,C2H4,C2H6,C3H8浓度,并分析了其随温度变化规律,测量并计算了不同氧浓度下交叉点温度以及升温速率;对氧浓度大小影响指标气产量和其随温度变化幅度原因,以及温度特征影响效果进行必要的机理分析。结果表明:不同氧浓度下指标气CO,C2H4,C2H6在70 ℃左右有明显产量变化,分别在120 ℃,125 ℃,120 ℃处开始大量释放,C3H8则在温度达到125 ℃左右开始大量释放;120 ℃前,各氧浓度下煤样温度按相同规律变化,120 ℃后,氧浓度越大则对应的升温速率越大,温度也越高;氧浓度不同影响了煤中脂肪烃侧链氧化产生-OH的过程,继而造成指标气产量与温度变化差异。     

基于三维结构分析的碳排放总量控制研究——以浙江省为例

控制碳排放总量是能源环境治理的重要手段,是高质量发展的应有之义,更是我国完成2030年前碳达峰、争取2060年前实现碳中和的必然要求,但目前国家和地方并未明确实行碳排放总量控制。本研究以浙江为例,从能源生产侧、能源消费侧、区域三个维度,分析识别出浙江省碳排放总量控制的重点和难点:能源生产侧减排的重点在于提高非化石电力占比,难点在于推进存量火电机组的碳减排;能源消费侧减排的重点在于控制新上重大产业项目排放,难点在于控制第三产业和居民生活领域碳排放;区域减排的重点在于优化产业布局和用能结构,难点在于对地区碳排放总量缺乏有效约束。并提出电力结构低碳化、重点行业控碳、试点城市率先达峰和政策协同四方面突破点,争取到"十四五"末浙江省碳排放总量得到有效控制,为全国碳排放达峰做出浙江贡献。     

基于χ~2优化方法的铸钢侧架原始裂纹尺寸分布研究

将铸钢侧架清砂后未经修复的原始裂纹尺寸进行了统计 ,综合运用参数的点估计方法和区间估计方法 ,以置信区间作为优化的约束条件 ,提出了对检验值进行最优化处理的方法 ,并运用二参数约束非线性优化方法的直接解法 ,搜索出最佳点估计值。经过对裂纹尺寸分布参数的计算证明 ,其结果符合对数正态分布     

大连石灰石矿矿坑边坡绿化植物种类选择

大连石灰石矿矿坑边坡绿化生态修复工程主要采用厚层基材喷附和液力喷播两种工艺,喷播植物种类的选择将直接影响其生态修复效果。以该工程为例,根据工程区地理及环境特征,基于边坡绿化的基本原则,因地制宜地提出了适宜的边坡绿化植物。     

Differences in Long-term Medical Consequences Depending on Impact Direction Involving Passenger Cars

Objective: There is limited knowledge of the long-term medical consequences for occupants injured in car crashes in various impact directions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate whether injuries leading to permanent medical impairment differ depending on impact direction.

Methods: In total, 36,743 injured occupants in car crashes that occurred between 1995 and 2011 were included. All initial injuries (n = 61,440) were classified according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2005. Injured car occupants were followed for at least 3 years to assess permanent medical impairment. The data were divided into different groups according to impact direction and levels of permanent impairment. The risk of permanent medical impairment was established for different body regions and injury severity levels, according to AIS.

Results: It was found that almost 12% of all car occupants sustained a permanent medical impairment. Given an injury, car occupants involved in rollover crashes had the highest overall risk to sustain a permanent medical impairment. Half of the head injuries leading to long-term consequences occurred in frontal impacts. Far-side occupants had almost the same risk as near-side occupants. Occupants who sustained a permanent medical impairment from cervical spine injuries had similar risk in all impact directions (13%) except from rollover (17%). However, these injuries occurred more often in rear crashes. Most of the injuries leading to long-term consequences were classified as minor injuries by AIS for all impact directions.

Conclusions: Studying crash data from a perspective of medical impairment is important to identify injuries that might not be prioritized only considering the AIS but might lead to lower quality of life for the occupant and also costs for society. These results can be used for road transport system strategies and for making priority decisions in vehicle design.     

The Influence of Enhanced Side Impact Protection on Kinematics and Injury Measures of Far- or Center-Seated Children in Forward-Facing Child Restraints

Objective: To evaluate the influence of forward-facing child restraint systems’ (FFCRSs) side impact structure, such as side wings, on the head kinematics and response of a restrained, far- or center-seated 3-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) in oblique sled tests.

Methods: Sled tests were conducted utilizing an FFCRS with large side wings and with the side wings removed. The CRS were attached via LATCH on 2 different vehicle seat fixtures—a small SUV rear bench seat and minivan rear bucket seat—secured to the sled carriage at 20° from lateral. Four tests were conducted on each vehicle seat fixture, 2 for each FFCRS configuration. A Q3s dummy was positioned in FFCRS according to the CRS owner's manual and FMVSS 213 procedures. The tests were conducted using the proposed FMVSS 213 side impact pulse. Three-dimensional motion cameras collected head excursion data. Relevant data collected during testing included the ATD head excursions, head accelerations, LATCH belt loads, and neck loads.

Results: Results indicate that side wings have little influence on head excursions and ATD response. The median lateral head excursion was 435 mm with side wings and 443 mm without side wings. The primary differences in head response were observed between the 2 vehicle seat fixtures due to the vehicle seat head restraint design. The bench seat integrated head restraint forced a tether routing path over the head restraint. Due to the lateral crash forces, the tether moved laterally off the head restraint reducing tension and increasing head excursion (477 mm median). In contrast, when the tether was routed through the bucket seat's adjustable head restraint, it maintained a tight attachment and helped control head excursion (393 mm median).

Conclusion: This testing illustrated relevant side impact crash circumstances where side wings do not provide the desired head containment for a 3-year-old ATD seated far-side or center in FFCRS. The head appears to roll out of the FFCRS even in the presence of side wings, which may expose the occupant to potential head impact injuries. We postulate that in a center or far-side seating configuration, the absence of door structure immediately adjacent to the CRS facilitates the rotation and tipping of the FFCRS toward the impact side and the roll-out of the head around the side wing structure. Results suggest that other prevention measures, in the form of alternative side impact structure design, FFCRS vehicle attachment, or shared protection between the FFCRS and the vehicle, may be necessary to protect children in oblique side impact crashes.