基于人工蜂群算法的边坡最危险滑动面搜索

将用于连续数值优化问题的人工蜂群算法引入边坡稳定分析临界滑动面搜索领域.该方法模拟了蜂群的群体协作采蜜过程,具有自适应收敛的特点,克服了传统方法容易陷入局部最优的缺点,是一种全局优化算法.为进一步改善其在复杂边坡搜索中的效果,将Hooke-Jeeves模式搜索操作引入人工蜂群算法,提出一种用于边坡临界滑动面搜索的模式搜...     

初始损伤对不同钢组织延性起裂韧性的影响

对两种钢热处理后得到的3种材料组织的缺口试样,在常温下进行了不同预加载荷的4点弯曲正反弯实验.在缺口前引入不同的微孔洞损伤量,而后通过高温回火处理消除残余应力和加工硬化.随后在室温下进行4点弯曲加载和不同载荷下的卸载实验,通过力学参数测量和微观观察就初始损伤对不同钢组织缺口试样延性起裂韧性的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:当预加载荷比Po/Pgy小于0.86时,材料A的延性起裂韧性Pi/Pgy随Po/Pgy的增加缓慢下降,材料B和C的Pi/Pgy基本不变;当Po/Pgy大于0.86后,随着Po/Pgy的增加,3种材料的延性起裂韧性Pi/Pgy很快下降.延性起裂韧性的降低是由于材料在预加载中产生的初始损伤所引起的.初始损伤的量越大,延性起裂韧性降低的程度越大.细晶粒材料A的延性起裂韧性Pi/Pgy低于粗晶粒材料C.夹杂物含量较高,尺寸较大的材料C的延性起裂韧性Pi/Pgy低于夹杂物量少,尺寸小的材料B.对产生这些结果的原因进行了分析.     

地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形破坏特征研究

为揭示地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形失稳的机制,采用底摩擦模型模拟试验方法,以重庆市鸡尾山地质条件为试验对象,研究不同开采顺序(顺坡开采、逆坡开采)、煤柱留设(上下边界矿柱、区段或水平矿柱)情况下,地下采空区不同空间分布诱发其上覆岩层的变形破裂响应特征。结果表明:1)地下采空区分布不同,其上覆岩层变形破裂响应特征也不同;2)软弱夹层是顺层斜坡的潜在滑动面,同一矿山地质条件、不同采空区影响下的软弱夹层可分为凹形、凸形、S形、反S形4种类型;3)地下采矿形成采空区后,岩体破坏规模及程度主要受地质环境和开采方式的控制,地下采空影响下类似含软弱夹层缓倾斜顺层斜坡的变形机制为弯曲-断裂、滑移-拉裂。     

Transformation and removal of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip from selective catalytic reduction in wet flue gas desulfurization system

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration may increase the emission of NH₄⁺ and NH₃. The removal and transformation characteristics of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip during the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) process, as well as the effect of desulfurization parameters, were investigated in an experimental system equipped with a simulated SCR flue gas generation system and a limestone-based WFGD system. The results indicate that the ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip in the flue gas from SCR can be partly removed by slurry scrubbing, while the entrainment and evaporation of desulfurization slurry with accumulated NH₄⁺ will generate new ammonium-containing particles and gaseous ammonia. The ammonium-containing particles formed by desulfurization are not only derived from the entrainment of slurry droplets, but also from the re-condensation of gaseous ammonia generated by slurry evaporation. Therefore, even if the concentration of NH₄⁺ in the desulfurization slurry is quite low, a high level of NH₄⁺ was still contained in the fine particles at the outlet of the scrubber. When the accumulated NH₄⁺ in the desulfurization slurry was high enough, the WFGD system promoted the conversion of NH₃ to NH₄⁺ and increased the additional emission of primary NH₄⁺ aerosols. With the decline of the liquid/gas ratio and flue gas temperature, the removal efficiency of ammonia sulfate aerosols increased, and the NH₄⁺ emitted from entrainment and evaporation of the desulfurization slurry decreased. In addition, the volatile ammonia concentration after the WFGD system was reduced with the decrease of the NH₄⁺ concentration and pH values of the slurry.     

一种SCR脱硝装置喷氨混合系统的结构优化设计

氮氧化合物是主要的大气污染物之一,已经成为我国大气污染控制的重点。SCR(selective catalytic reduction)烟气脱硝技术因其脱硝效率高、运行稳定而成为目前应用最为广泛的烟气脱硝技术。当前SCR烟气脱硝工程存在的主要问题之一是氨气的逃逸率过高,喷氨混合系统的混合强度和均匀度是影响氨气逃逸率的重要因素。针对该问题采用计算流体动力学的方法优化设计了一种SCR脱硝装置喷氨混合系统,采用该种喷氨混合系统可以有效提高氨气与烟气在催化剂表面的混合均匀度,使氨气与烟气中的氮氧化物在催化剂表面充分反应,有效降低氨气逃逸率,同时降低SCR脱硝工程成本。     

Wait before running for your life: defensive tactics of spiny mice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acomys cahirinus</Emphasis>) in evading barn owl (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tyto alba</Emphasis>) attack

Raptor–prey encounters were studied to evaluate the strategies and success rate of both predator attack and prey defense. We compared the success of barn owls in catching stationary simulated prey (food item) with that of moving prey (food item that was pulled in various directions). We also tracked real encounters between barn owls and spiny mice in a captive environment. It was found that owls had higher success in attacking stationary prey and that they seemed to attack the prey as soon as it became motionless. When attacked, only a few spiny mice remained immobile (freeze response) whereas most fled and usually avoided capture by the owls. It was also found that spiny mice displayed a preference to escape in those directions in which owls had demonstrated a lower success in catching the simulated prey. Escape initiation dichotomized to a short or long (but rarely intermediate) distance between the spiny mouse and the owl with more successful avoidance at short-distance (last-moment) escapes. The best predictor of escape success was the velocity of the spiny mouse, and the second best predictor was its flight initiation distance (FID). We present an update for Ydenberg and Dill’s model for optimal FID in close encounters, suggesting that fleeing at the last moment is advantageous. However, a last-moment attempt to escape is also more risky with a split second differing between life and death, and is therefore appropriate mainly for agile prey under close-distance attack.     

基于强度折减法的巷道整体安全系数探讨分析

将有限元强度折减法应用到高地应力下巷道的稳定性评价。选用矩形、直墙半圆拱形、直墙半圆拱加反拱形、马蹄形及圆形等5种巷道常用断面开展计算研究。就上述5种典型断面,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS12.0分析了岩土体折减系数对巷道代表点的位移及围岩塑性区的发展的影响,再现了巷道断面岩土体变形发展过程。通过观察围岩塑性区的发展和巷道控制点的位移突变,求得各断面形状的安全系数并找出其潜在破坏面。根据安全系数的大小和破坏面的位置,能够评定巷道断面设计的合理性,并对施工工艺和支护参数提出改进建议。     

基于两参数Weibull模型的预腐蚀2A12铝合金材料裂纹萌生寿命评估

铝合金在航空工业中广泛应用,因此对于铝合金构件的寿命评估很重要。腐蚀损伤使得裂纹容易萌生,因此降低铝合金结构的疲劳寿命。铝合金构件在其服役过程中,裂纹萌生寿命占据了大部分的时间,研究腐蚀损伤对于铝合金材料的裂纹萌生寿命的影响具有重要意义。由于腐蚀疲劳影响因素众多,数据分散性很大,因此本文引入weibull分布模型评估腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展,对于损伤容限评估具有重要意义。     

郑州新郑国际机场航站楼钢结构屋盖施工稳定性控制技术研究

郑州新郑国际机场航站楼工程,由于建筑造型需要,采用了大跨度曲线连续空间桁架屋盖钢结构。此结构形式跨度大、施工工艺复杂,工程难度较大。施工过程中,通过采用分段制作、地面拼装、高空成型、积累滑移等工艺,成功地解决了大跨度曲线连续空间桁架屋盖施工的技术难题。通过对在原有的滑移工艺进行多方面的改进和突破,该工程在经济、技术水平和缩短工期方面都取得了明显的进步和提高,对类似屋盖工程施工具有一定的参考和借鉴意义。     

泥石流起动的突变学特征

泥石流起动是泥石流发生、发展、成灾全过程中的关键环节,起动规律是泥石流预测预报和灾害防治的理论基础。对建立在实验基础上的泥石流起动条件进行适当变换,得到泥石流起动势函数,它符合尖点突变模型。进一步分析,发现准泥石流体起动时具有突变、缓慢和过渡状态等多条路径,并在起动临界点附近具有发散性和模态软化等性质。根据这些起动特性提出的单沟泥石流预测方法以及通过调控准泥石流体起动条件使之不起动,达到泥石流灾害治理防患于未然的新途径,已在泥石流防治中取得了实效。