Trends over 1999–2014 in the concentrations of Ba,Cs, Co,Mo, Pb,Sb, Tl,and W in urine of US children aged 6–11 years

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for children aged 6–11 years for 1999–2014 were used to study time trends and factors affecting the urinary levels of barium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten. Adjusted levels in urine declined every two years by 5.9% for barium, by 1.2% for cesium, by 18.2% for lead, and by 14% for antimony. For every additional smoker smoking inside a home, the levels of barium increased by 10.6% and for lead by 10%, but for tungsten levels decreased by 7.7%.     

挡烟垂壁作用下狭长通道内烟气输运特征研究

为揭示挡烟垂壁对狭长通道火灾烟气特征及温度分布的影响,运用火灾动力学软件FDS,研究了狭长通道内不同高度挡烟垂壁下火灾烟流运动行为,重点探讨了密度跳跃过程及近火源区烟气特征参数变化。结果表明:挡烟垂壁增加了密度跳跃中翻滚区的长度,缩小了卷吸空气范围,造成烟气质量流率相应减少;挡烟垂壁对烟气垂直速度分布的影响主要作用在挡烟区,且与垂壁高度有关;垂高大于0.3 m,受挡烟垂壁高度影响,在垂直高度1.5~2 m位置出现一定速度的烟气逆流,速度分布曲线呈现与无挡烟垂壁不同的凹陷区,非挡烟区烟气垂直速度服从高斯分布;与无挡烟垂壁相比,挡烟垂壁上游顶棚附近温度普遍增高,下游温度衰减速率随挡烟垂壁高度的增加而加快。     

不同防排烟方式下车厢火灾烟气运动的数值模拟研究

为了揭示车厢内部火灾烟气在不同防排烟方式下的迁移特征,优化选择最优防排烟方式,运用火灾动力学软件FDS对CRH2A动车组的一节车厢进行模拟计算。分别采用机械排烟系统、空气幕系统及二者复合系统对车厢内烟气进行控制,对比分析不同排烟系统下车厢内烟气温度、烟气层高度和烟气浓度的变化规律。结果表明:随着排烟量的增加排烟效果显著增大,但排烟量不宜过大,当固定功率为0.2 MW时,V2=0.87 m3/s排烟效果最佳;空气幕在一定程度上可以阻挡烟气蔓延至相邻车厢,机械排烟在降低烟气温度与浓度方面的效果比空气幕系统明显;每个独立系统的控烟效果远不及二者复合系统效果明显。综合考虑防排烟的有效性和经济性,在本文设定工况下,V1=1.12 m3/s、V2=1.62 m3/s为最优防排烟组合方式。     

典型结构走廊火灾烟气流场的数值模拟研究

选取条形、L形、T形和环形走廊4种典型建筑结构为研究对象,使用火灾模拟软件FDS对4种典型结构的走廊发生火灾时的烟气流动规律进行了分析。初步得出建筑结构对于火灾烟气的流动和温度分布的影响:对于有封闭转角处的L形和环形走廊,转角处受到建筑封闭结构的阻碍和反浮力作用,热烟气易积聚;而无论何种形式的走廊,都会由于壁面限制和反浮力作用造成走廊末端热烟气的积聚;T形走廊交叉口处流通性较好,相对安全;这些容易造成烟气积聚的走廊转角和走廊末端的温度也会有所上升,而现在很多连接走廊的疏散楼梯都设置在走廊两端,反而不利于人员疏散。因此这些地方应引起重视,加强防火排烟措施。     

细雾水与火焰的相互作用

本文分析了细雾水滴与浮升火焰羽流的相互作用,推导出雾滴在火场下降过程中的运动方程,、汽化速率方程和热量衡算方程。采用龙格－库塔差分方法,数值求解所得到的有关方程。     

火源房间出口面积与远离火源位置烟气浓度关系的实验研究

通过实验较系统地研究了火源房间烟气出口面积与远离火源位置烟气浓度的关系,主要探讨了一氧化碳浓度峰值的大小和到达峰值的时间与烟气出口流通面积和燃料质量的关系,并给出了初步的分析解释。     

One way to reduce the NOX Emission of biodiesels: The increase of cetane number

Compared to conventional diesel fuels, biodiesels normally have lower smoke and particulate matter, while higher nitrogen oxides (NO_X) emissions. In our study, an attempt was made to reduce the NO_X emissions of biodiesels by increasing the cetane numbers (CNs). Three kinds of biodiesels with extremely high CNs (70.1, 76.9, 80.9, respectively) were developed. Their main physical and chemical properties were tested. With a two-cylinder direct injection diesel engine, their emission performances were experimentally investigated. The results indicate that, CN, freezing point, as well as viscosity of biodiesels are linearly increased with the increase of carbon number. The NO_X emission for biodiesels with high CNs is lower than that of conventional diesel fuels. High CN promotes smoke formation as well while lower smoke emissions are still obtained for biodiesels when certain oxygen contents are present. That is, the smoke/NO_X tradeoff is broken. Besides, as fuel CN is elevated, NO_X for biodiesels decreases but smoke and carbon monoxide emissions are increased.     

竖井排烟口对L型高层建筑烟气流动特性影响的模拟研究

为了研究竖井排烟口对L型高层建筑烟气流动特性的影响,建立L型高层建筑火灾的数值模拟模型,以温度、CO浓度和窗口气流速度为指标,探讨在不同排烟面积下高层建筑内部结构的烟气流动特性。研究结果表明：6层为建筑的中性层位置,随着排烟口面积增大,烟气蔓延到竖井顶部的时间缩短,对中性层以下走廊的烟气控制效果增强;火灾发生在中性层以下时,中性层以上窗口气流速度为负,烟气溢出;320 s为温差变化的分界点,在320 s之前,排烟口面积与温差绝对值成正相关,320 s之后则成负相关。     

Factors influencing NOx emission of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester blend – Taguchi approach

The main objective of this work is to control the NO_x emission of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester blend with less sacrifice on smoke density and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and also to investigate the factors influencing the objective. Fuel injection timing, percentage of exhaust gas recirculation and fuel injection pressure are chosen as the promising factors for the objective and NO_x emission, smoke density and BTE are considered as response variables. Tests were conducted as per Taguchi’s L₉ orthogonal array and the most influencing factor for each response variable and also the significance of each factor on the same was found out through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response graph was drawn for each response variable and from the results of response graph and ANOVA the optimum combination of the factor levels in achieving the objective was obtained and the same was confirmed experimentally.     

烟气气体常数的确定及与监测质量的关系

阐述了烟气气体常数的确定及与烟尘监测的关系。以各种煤的烟气组分和《锅炉烟尘测试方法》为依据，提出干、湿烟气气体常数代表值各为２７２．６和２７９、７Ｊ／ｋｇ．ｋ，并就代表值的适用性进行了讨论。指出将干烟气组分看作近于气所导致的误差，并对有关公式提出了修改意见。