深埋地铁防排烟设计研究

地铁深埋敷设减少了对路面交通、高层建筑的影响，减少了房屋拆迁量，改善区间施工条件，但同时也对地铁站点的通风、排烟设计的安全性提出了更高的要求。文章结合广州市地铁6号线线路深埋敷设条件，对多层结构深埋车站的通风排烟系统设计进行了探讨，同时采用火灾动力学模型分别对深埋车站站台火灾、列车火灾进行了数值模拟，进而验证了防排烟设计的有效性。研究表明，深埋车站排烟系统的设计方案可以在扶梯开口处形成至少1．5m／s的向下流速；发生站台行李火灾和车站列车火灾时，排烟系统可以有效地控制烟气不向站厅蔓延，确保火灾时的站台层以上区域为无烟区和安全区；疏散楼梯间可保持微正压和无烟气进入；深埋车站排烟系统可以保证火灾时的人员可用安全疏散时间ASET大于6分钟。文章结论可为国内外类似深埋车站排烟系统提供参考。     

DDNP废水处理新方法研究

DDNP是一种重要的起爆药，其生产废水成份复杂，用传统工艺处理难度较大且不经济。鉴于此，经研究总结得出DDNP废水处理新工艺：先用锅炉废烟气蒸发浓缩，再焚烧的方法，即处理了废水，又降低了锅炉烟尘。是一种低成本、低能耗以废治废的经济实用方法。     

受限空间烟气运动盐水模拟研究的现状和展望

回顾了受限空间火灾烟气运动盐水实验模拟研究的发展历史;介绍了盐水实验模拟的理论基础及其在火灾烟气运动研究领域的应用情况和最新进展;分析和讨论了模拟研究过程中所存在的主要问题及其可能的解决方法。所有这些研究和探索,对于受限空间火灾烟气运动盐水实验模拟研究方法的创新和完善有重要的启发作用。     

烟尘测试过程中的质量控制

锅炉烟尘测试是一项技术要求高,环节多的复杂工作,本文根据资料和几年来监测的实践经验,对烟尘测试中影响测定结果的诸多因素进行探讨,并提出质量控制措施。     

分岔隧道火灾烟气流动特性研究*

为探究分岔隧道烟气流动特性,采用CFD数值仿真技术,选取3个火源位置、5个热释放速率,模拟分析顶棚最大温升、主隧道及岔道内顶棚下方温度纵向衰减规律。结果表明:火源位置对顶棚下火源正上方最大温度影响较小,最大温差约为34 ℃,但对火源附近温度影响较大,其中距火源0.5 m处最大温差约为110 ℃;通过对比Hu等和Gong等的预测模型在岔道内顶棚下温度纵向衰减上的拟合曲线可知,Gong等的模型准确性更高;主隧道内上、下游顶棚下温度纵向衰减呈现出不同程度的“反超现象”,且随火源位置逐渐移向岔道内时,“反超现象”逐渐滞后。     

扁平大空间建筑烟气蔓延影响因素研究

为研究扁平大空间内烟气蔓延影响因素,通过FDS火灾模拟软件对上海某商业综合体的商场进行模型建立,利用计算机模拟,逐一研究了水喷淋,挡烟垂壁高度,排烟口大小、数量,补风方式、补风量对烟气蔓延的影响,通过对比得出结论:增加挡烟垂壁高度对烟气蔓延影响有限,而去除水喷淋对烟气蔓延速度及质量浓度影响最大,烟气蔓延至各测点时间最多加快超过100 s,各测点烟气单位长度消光率最多上升69.51%/m;减小补风量至50%与去除水喷淋对烟气分布影响效果相当,在进行防排烟设计优化时,应优先考虑水喷淋与补风量;此外排烟量保持不变,改变排烟口数量及大小对烟气影响主要体现为蔓延速度变化。     

Pollution characteristics of particulate matters emitted from outdoor barbecue cooking in urban Jinan in eastern China

To understand the pollution characteristics of particulate matter emitted from outdoor barbecue cooking in eastern China, measurements of the PM_2.5 mass concentration, the number concentration of particles with a diameter of 0.01 to 1.0 μm, and the particle size distribution from 0.3 to 25 μm were carried out at seven barbecue restaurants in urban Jinan. The average PM_2.5 mass concentration and sub-micron particle number concentrations at a distance of 1 m from the grills were 250 to 1083 μg/m³ and 0.90 × 10⁵ to 2.23 × 10⁵ cm^–3, respectively, which were much higher than those in the ambient air of the urban area. Compared to the ambient atmosphere, barbecue cooking emitted very high levels of particles with a larger increase in the concentrations of super-micron particles than that of sub-micron particles. The super-micron particle number concentrations at the barbecue restaurants were 10 to 100 times higher than those observed in the ambient urban atmosphere. The barbecue smoke had a significant effect on the particle concentrations in the surrounding region. Both mass and number concentrations of particles exhibited maximum values immediately near the barbecue grills and often reached a peak at a distance of 10 to 15 m. The removal efficiency of a range hood for the cooking particles was tested in an indoor kitchen. The range hood effectively cleaned the particulate matter pollution caused by cooking with a removal efficiency larger than 80%. Therefore, the use of a range hood is recommended for outdoor barbecue restaurants coupled with a smoke purifier to clean the emitted high concentrations of particles.

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废铜熔化精炼过程烟尘治理系统设计

随着国民经济不断发展,铜加工原料的短缺问题日趋严重,因此,废铜回收再利用已成为弥补铜加工原料不足的重要措施。熔炼设备一般以反射炉(竖炉、精炼炉)为主,原料来源比较复杂,有边角料、废电缆电线等,所以,废铜熔化、精炼过程产生烟尘中,有CuCl、CuO、ZnO、SO2、HCl、氯化盐覆盖剂、二恶英、油脂及炉子燃烧不完全的产物CO等,必须进行净化处理。根据烟气原始参数,制定出合理的治理方案及工艺流程,使之达标排放。     

The impact of wood smoke on ambient PM2.5 in northern Rocky Mountain valley communities

During the winters of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, PM_2.5 source apportionment programs were carried out within five western Montana valley communities. Filter samples were analyzed for mass and chemical composition. Information was utilized in a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) computer model to apportion the sources of PM_2.5. Results showed that wood smoke (likely residential woodstoves) was the major source of PM_2.5 in each of the communities, contributing from 56% to 77% of the measured wintertime PM_2.5. Results of ¹⁴C analyses showed that between 44% and 76% of the measured PM_2.5 came from a new carbon (wood smoke) source, confirming the results of the CMB modeling. In summary, the CMB model results, coupled with the ¹⁴C results, support that wood smoke is the major contributor to the overall PM_2.5 mass in these rural, northern Rocky Mountain airsheds throughout the winter months.     

套管喷旋流技术在热交换器中的应用

套管式空气预热器的传热元件是由两根不同直径的管子套在一起组成,外管由高温烟气获取热量,充分利用排烟余热,内管中通入冷空气,内外管通过对流和辐射的传热方式实现热量传递,是一种结构简单、换热效率高的新型空气换热器。