Windows, view, and office characteristics predict physical and psychological discomfort

Office employees spend a lot of time inside buildings, where the physical conditions influence their well-being and indirectly influence their employers' business performance. With data from a field study conducted in the Netherlands in April to May 2003, we used path analysis to further elucidate the relationship between personal (gender and seasonality of mood shifts), building (view type, view quality, window distance, and social density), and perceived environmental conditions (light quality, and office impression) and physical and psychological discomfort, sleep quality, and environmental utility. The results show that window views, which that are rated as being more attractive, are beneficial to building occupants by reducing discomfort. However, being close to a window and rating the lighting as being of lower quality can result in thermal and glare problems (environmental utility). Reduced discomfort at work can improve sleep quality, indicating that physical conditions at work influence home life.     

Neighborhood satisfaction,physical and perceived naturalness and openness

This study examined neighborhood satisfaction in relation to naturalness and openness. It used Geographic Information System (GIS) and Landsat satellite imagery to physically measure the environmental attributes. Through path analysis it examined the relationship among the attributes, resident ratings of those environmental attributes, their satisfaction with them, and their overall neighborhood satisfaction (n = 725). We expected overall neighborhood satisfaction to relate to the resident's ratings of the environmental attributes and to the physical measures of them. The path model showed that overall neighborhood satisfaction was associated directly with the physical measure of building density and indirectly with the physical measure of vegetation rate through perception and evaluation of them. The perceptions and evaluations of the attributes related to one another. With refinements, GIS and Landsat data geo-related to survey data can offer a powerful tool for understanding the complex nature of neighborhood satisfaction and behavior.     

以两种酚类有机物为基质的微生物燃料电池产电特性

以城市污水处理厂的厌氧污泥为接种微生物,在外电阻为1900Ω下,采用双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)分别对以难降解的有毒有机物2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP),对硝基苯酚(PNP),对硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚为基质时进行有机物降解和产电性能的研究。实验结果表明以DCP(50 mg/L)为单一基质时,MFC的运行周期长达225 h左右,负载两端的最大电压值达393.7 mV,库仑效率为13.73%;而以PNP和DCP为混合基质时,PNP明显促进DCP的降解,使得DCP的去除率高达64.52%,同时PNP的去除率也达到94.47%。实验最终表明,MFC能够以2,4-二氯苯酚和对硝基苯酚为基质,在实现DCP和PNP降解的同时可稳定高效地向外输出电能。     

太湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾现存量的周年动态研究——以梅梁湾、贡湖湾为例

太湖日本沼虾与秀丽白虾资源较为丰富,在太湖渔业中占有非常重要的地位,但对两种虾类资源动态的研究较少。对梅梁湾和贡湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾现存量进行了周年调查,结果表明,梅梁湾和贡湖湾日本沼虾丰度和现存量一年内出现波动,冬季较低,春季开始增加,夏季达到高峰,9月后丰度和现存量大幅下降,随后随着个体的生长又有所上升,说明其资源量在短期内受繁殖和捕捞的影响会大幅震荡。不同湖区日本沼虾丰度和现存量存在差异,夏季沿岸带的丰度和现存量明显比敞水区大,主要是6~9月沿岸带分布量增多,说明日本沼虾繁殖季节的亲虾及当年繁殖的幼虾大量栖息于沿岸带,而非敞水区。贡湖秀丽白虾水草区丰度和现存量最高,说明秀丽白虾喜栖息于有沉水植物分布的水域。为合理利用太湖虾类资源提供依据     

养殖密度对中华鲟行为、免疫力和养殖环境水质的影响

以北京海洋馆驯养的野生和子一代中华鲟为对象,研究了养殖密度对中华鲟行为、免疫力和养殖环境水质的影响。结果表明：在养殖密度分别为27、24、20 kg/m3的循环水环境中,中华鲟的泳层分布改变,体型小的中华鲟变化最大。3种密度环境对中华鲟食欲未有明显影响,对野生中华鲟和F1 1998的泳速和呼吸频率也未有明显影响。27 kg/m3的密度下,F1 1998的超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶/丙二醛值下降,而丙二醛水平上升。在养殖密度为27和24 kg/m3的水环境时,水体悬浮总细菌数量持续大于8 000 cfu/100 mL,年龄大的中华鲟,包括野生中华鲟和F1 1998中华鲟细菌感染。同期对水质监测结果表明,氨/铵、亚硝酸盐和浊度稳定,硝酸盐、磷酸盐和总细菌随养殖密度下降而降低,溶解氧、酸碱度上升,各密度组间存在显著性差异(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗＜005),硝酸盐、磷酸盐、总细菌与养殖密度存在着显著的正相关。实验表明,使用循环水养殖中华鲟,环境负荷对水体微生物和养殖鱼免疫力的影响是极为显著的。推荐最佳养殖密度为20 kg/m³      

退化红壤区湿地松恢复林潜在耗水量预测及造林密度选择

基于植被重建的生态恢复作为退化红壤治理的重要技术在南方得到了广泛应用。采用热扩散探针法（TDP）对以千烟洲为代表的南方退化红壤区湿地松树干液流与气象因子进行同步观测,建立湿地松潜在耗水量模型,并对目前湿地松的造林合理性进行评价。结果表明：湿地松边材面积与胸径、树龄的相关关系分别可用二次函数和幂函数很好地拟合。采用多元线性回归分析建立潜在液流通量模型,潜在液流通量与冠层温度、冠层相对湿度、光合有效辐射相关性均显著。基于边材面积和潜在液流通量的潜在耗水量模型不仅可以预测林分耗水动态规律,还可以插补液流观测过程中的非正常值和缺失值。就林分耗水量方面而言,目前研究区湿地松林造林密度是比较合理的     

城市规划中人口空间分布模拟方法研究

城市人口空间分布是影响社会经济活力、基础设施建设、公共服务配置以及城市交通、住宅、生态环境问题等方面的重要因素之一,是科学开展城市规划的基础与前提.传统的等值区域图法只能描述一个地区总体城市分布状况,难以准确反映城市内部人口的实际分布.本文通过综述国内外23篇研究成果,将城市人口分布空间模拟方法总结为城市人口密度模型、内插法空间分布模型、地理因子相关性模型(包括光谱估算法、土地利用密度法、居住单元估算法、夜间灯光强度估算法、硬化地表估算法)3大类7种,分析了它们各自的特点及改进措施.人口空间分布模拟在我国城市规划体系中有较大应用价值,重点讨论了在城镇体系规划、城市总体规划以及详细规划等不同规划层面人口空间分布适用模拟技术.最后指出为提高我国城市规划的科学性和预测精度,综合运用多种方法对城市人口空间分布进行估算模拟将成为该领域研究趋势,以期为城市规划管理提供技术参考.     

湿法脱硫P＆D型pH值及密度复合测量技术介绍

阐述了石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫装置pH值及密度测量的重要性,介绍了一种新型pH值及密度复合测量系统及其应用实例,为类似装置提供了借鉴和参考。     

600MW机组湿法脱硫系统运行优化研究

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫装置实际运行的稳定性和可靠性并不理想,由于设计、运行维护经验少及设备选型不合理等原因使脱硫系统维护工作量大。浆液pH值、密度等关键工艺参数设计范围较广,不利于系统稳定运行。目前国内缺少从化学反应理论和工艺控制角度对湿法脱硫系统的研究,对脱硫系统运行经济性的研究也较少。鉴于以上脱硫运行现状,开展了旨在优化湿法脱硫工艺控制、提高系统运行的可靠性和经济性的优化研究。     

Copper tolerance in the macrolichens Cladonia furcata and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis is constitutive rather than inducible

In this study we assessed the degree of copper (Cu) tolerance in two common lichen species (Cladonia furcata and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis) that grow on both uncontaminated substrata and the surface of waste heaps from abandoned old Cu-mines. Regardless of their locality, populations of these lichens contain identical strains of photobionts (Asterochloris clade A in C. arbuscula subsp. mitis and clade D in C. furcata). Therefore, it was expected that if there were differences in Cu toxicity or tolerance between populations, that the photobiont could not be a key element of Cu tolerance in these two lichen species. In laboratory experiments samples of both lichen species (from contaminated and control sites) were incubated in Cu solutions (500 μM) for 24 h. We attempted to determine whether Cu tolerance in these lichens was constitutive, or inducible form. Based on measurements of Cu accumulation, chlorophyll a integrity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthesis, respiration, measurements of the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the content of soluble proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the amount of extracellular secondary metabolites of both lichens we found that there were no significant differences in the response of all selected populations of both lichen species to short-term exposure to these high levels of Cu. As a result, we conclude that Cu tolerance in these two lichen species is the constitutive rather than the inducible.