Use of Inverse Spatial Conservation Prioritization to Avoid Biological Diversity Loss Outside Protected Areas

Globally expanding human land use sets constantly increasing pressure for maintenance of biological diversity and functioning ecosystems. To fight the decline of biological diversity, conservation science has broken ground with methods such as the operational model of systematic conservation planning (SCP), which focuses on design and on‐the‐ground implementation of conservation areas. The most commonly used method in SCP is reserve selection that focuses on the spatial design of reserve networks and their expansion. We expanded these methods by introducing another form of spatial allocation of conservation effort relevant for land‐use zoning at the landscape scale that avoids negative ecological effects of human land use outside protected areas. We call our method inverse spatial conservation prioritization. It can be used to identify areas suitable for economic development while simultaneously limiting total ecological and environmental effects of that development at the landscape level by identifying areas with highest economic but lowest ecological value. Our method is not based on a priori targets, and as such it is applicable to cases where the effects of land use on, for example, individual species or ecosystem types are relatively small and would not lead to violation of regional or national conservation targets. We applied our method to land‐use allocation to peat mining. Our method identified a combination of profitable production areas that provides the needed area for peat production while retaining most of the landscape‐level ecological value of the ecosystem. The results of this inverse spatial conservation prioritization are being used in land‐use zoning in the province of Central Finland.     

气溶胶采样头在无人机上安装位置的模拟

利用流体力学软件CFD对固定翼无人机在海拔1000m高处以30m/s速度飞行时采样头的最佳安装位置进行了模拟.首先利用ICEM CFD前处理软件对无人机模型进行了网格划分;然后利用FLUENT软件及其中的DPM模型先后对气相(连续相)和颗粒相(离散相)分别进行了数值模拟,最后用DPM模型模拟了从速度入口方向以30m/s速度释放粒径为1,2.5,10μm的颗粒物,由颗粒物的轨迹图得到了颗粒物在机身周围的阴影区和密集区厚度.得到主要结论如下:对于本研究中的无人机,在海拔1000m高处,采集PM1,PM2.5,PM10时的气溶胶采样头的最佳安装位置为机身下部距机头距离约42~75cm,采样头探头距机身下部壁面的距离分别应大于4,4,4.3cm,但不超过26cm(机身下部距地面距离).     

INTEGRATING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM,A SCIENTIFIC VISUALIZATION SYSTEM,AND A PRECIPITATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Investigating natural, potential, and human-induced impacts on hydrologic systems commonly requires complex modeling with overlapping data requirements, plus massive amounts of one- to four-dimensional data at multiple scales and formats. Given the complexity of most hydrologic studies, the requisite software infrastructure must incorporate many components including simulation modeling and spatial analysis with a flexible, intuitive display. Integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and scientific visualization systems (SVS) provides such an infrastructure. This paper describes an integrated system consisting of an orographic precipitation model, a GIS, and an SVS. The results of this study provide a basis for improving the understanding of hydro-climatic processes in mountainous regions. An additional benefit of the integrated system, the value of which is often underestimated, is the improved ability to communicate model results, leading to a broader understanding of the model assumptions, sensitivities, and conclusions at a management level.     

中文Windows环境下的海上溢油预报系统

本文以辽东湾为示范海区，建立了中文Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ环境下的海上溢油预报系统。采用已经验证的环境动力和溢油行为模型，可提供海面油膜的位置和覆盖面积，水体中油的浓度分布以及溢油的比重、粘度、蒸发量、残留量、平均厚度等物化参数的实时预报信息，或用于溢油的环境风险评价。系统界面友好，输入方便，操作简单，反应快捷、后处理功能完备，并具有可扩充性。     

公路隧道信息化施工与计算机辅助决策系统研究

结合公路隧道建设实例,通过需求分析,提出了公路隧道信息化施工与计算机辅助决策系统的总体思路。利用数据库技术与软件工程技术,对此系统进行了详细设计,并开发了此软件系(Tunnel-CAS)。该软件系统集围岩类别智能判别、围岩应力分析与预测、围岩变形分析与预测和围岩支护结构安全性判别四大功能于一体,具有友好的用户界面。     

基于正交实验的A~2/O工艺运行方式优化

采用GPS-X软件构建了南方某城市污水处理厂A~2/O工艺数学模型,并对模型参数进行调整,通过静态模拟和动态模拟验证了该模型的可靠性。以A~2/O工艺对TN、TP的去除效果为考察指标,利用所建立的模型对A~2/O工艺运行中的混合液回流比(MLR)、污泥回流比(RAS)、好氧池溶解氧(DO)、系统SRT进行了单因素分析和正交试验分析。单因素试验结果表明:当DO为1.5 mg/L,MLR为400%,RAS为110%,系统SRT为22 d时,TN去除效果最佳;当DO为1.1 mg/L,MLR为150%,RAS为60%,系统SRT为12 d时,TP去除效果最好。由正交试验结果可知:MLR对TN、TP去除效果影响显著;RAS对TP去除效果影响显著。A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷的最佳运行参数为:MLR为350%,RAS为90%,DO为1.2 mg/L,系统SRT为20 d。在此条件下,出水TN浓度能达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准要求。     

一种分离式可降温安全帽设计

为了解决高温作业环境下安全帽内部微环境积热严重问题,运用ANSYS软件模拟分析了安全帽内部微环境积热的空间和时间分布情况。基于模拟结果,设计了一款分离式可降温安全帽,其由帽体、喷嘴、风管、风机和开关组成。在高温高湿环境下,模拟人员分别佩戴在帽衬带上装有温度传感器的普通安全帽和分离式可降温安全帽进行剧烈运动模拟高温作业人员高强度劳动,记录其温度变化。结果表明:分离式可降温安全帽有良好的降温效果,同时具有不破坏安全帽的结构和强度,几乎不增加安全帽重量,无噪声、无电磁辐射,拆装简便等优点。     

化学工业园区消防规划探讨

针对化学工业园区的迅速发展,大型化工生产装置、储存装置日益增多,重大危险源数量不断增加,火灾、爆炸等重特大事故发生的可能性增大的现状,本文在化学工业园区安全规划工作实践的基础上,提出了化学工业园区消防规划的指导思想、原则和程序,确定了化学工业园区消防安全规划的一般内容,以期为化学工业园区消防安全规划的编制提供指导。     

基于机会约束规划的航班应急调度问题研究

为应对民航突发情况,保障民航运行安全,提出应急调度这一概念。阐述常规情况下航班调度基本模型,分析其在应急情况下的弊端。引入机会约束,构建应对突发状况的应急调度模型。研究兼顾航空公司成本、航班运行安全及旅客随机需求的机型分配问题(FAP)模型和机组排班问题(CSP)模型。比较混合智能算法、隐枚举法、等价转化法的优缺点及适用度。根据案例数据,使用Matlab软件编程,并采用随机模拟与粒子群(PSO)算法相结合的智能算法对模型求解。结果表明,机会约束规划模型在考虑随机因素的情况下,比基本模型更符合实际动态环境。     

Hydrus-1D软件在地下水污染风险评价中的应用

以北京市东南郊再生水灌区为研究区域,应用Hydrus-1D软件构建水流、溶质运移模型,模拟再生水连续灌溉入渗过程中水流在包气带中的运动,并以再生水中的典型有机污染物多环芳烃萘、菲为研究对象,模拟其随灌溉水在包气带中的迁移衰减反应过程,结合MapGIS 6.7,将Hydrus-1D的点模拟结果应用于大面积、区域性的污染评价,通过与研究区地下水萘、菲的背景值进行对比,分级评估地下水污染风险.结果表明,经过50年连续灌溉后,再生水灌区整体地下水萘、菲污染风险较低,萘的污染风险高于菲,灌区内高污染风险区域主要位于凤港减河、红旗干渠与凤官沟交汇处以及东风干渠、永乐河与通大边沟之间.