Evaluation of pressurized liquid extraction for determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean

The purpose of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Two organic solvents, acetone and acetonitrile, were evaluated as extraction solvents. In both cases, the amount of extract was enhanced with increasing extraction temperature. The extracts obtained using acetonitrile were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after a cleanup process based on the analytical method for the Japanese Positive List System for Agricultural Chemicals Remaining in Foods. The effect of extraction temperature (range: 40– 130°C) on extraction efficiency was evaluated by a recovery study using 21 organophosphorus pesticides and 10 pyrethroid pesticides as target analytes and acetonitrile as the solvent. The results indicated that at 130°C, some organophosphorus pesticides might be degraded, whereas extraction temperatures between 70°C and 100°C were optimal. Next, a prepared sample containing fenitrothion and permethrin was analyzed. Although the sample was not soaked in water prior to analysis, PLE provided analytical results comparable to those obtained by solvent extraction with homogenization. Therefore, PLE is considered a simple and alternative technique for the extraction of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in soybean.     

Uptake and translocation of metformin, ciprofloxacin and narasin in forage- and crop plants

Transfer of bioactive organic compounds from soil to plants might represent animal and human health risks. Sewage sludge and manure are potential sources for bioactive compounds such as human- and veterinary drugs. In the present study, uptake of the anti-diabetic compound, metformin, the antibiotic agent ciprofloxacin and the anti-coccidial narasin in carrot (Daucuscarota ssp. sativus cvs. Napoli) and barley (Hordeumvulgare) were investigated. The pharmaceuticals were selected in order to cover various chemical properties, in addition to their presence in relevant environmental matrixes. The root concentration factors (RCF) found in the present study were higher than the corresponding leaf concentration factors (LCF) for the three test pharmaceuticals. The uptake of metformin was higher compared with ciprofloxacin and narasin for all plant compartments analyzed. Metformin was studied more explicitly with regard to uptake and translocation in meadow fescue (Festucapratense), three other carrot cultivars (D.carota ssp. sativus cvs. Amager, Rothild and Nutri Red), wheat cereal (Triticumaestivum) and turnip rape seed (Brassicacampestris). Uptake of metformin in meadow fescue was comparable with uptake in the four carrot cultivars (RCF 2-10, LCF approximately 1.5), uptake in wheat cereals were comparable with barley cereals (seed concentration factors, SCF, 0.02-0.04) while the accumulation in turnip rape seeds was as high as 1.5. All three pharmaceuticals produced negative effects on growth and development of carrots when grown in soil concentration of 6-10 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight.     

养分(磷)吸收机理模型的应用研究──Ⅲ.定量评价适应机制对玉米与大豆幼苗P吸收的作用

采用Claassen的养分吸收机理模型定量评价了不同土壤条件下,机理模型中未考虑的其它适应机制对玉米与大豆幼苗P吸收的作用。结果表明：同样土壤养分胁迫条件下,供试玉米与大豆幼苗的其它适应机制对P吸收的贡献率分别为1/4与1/5;土壤养分胁迫、土壤水分胁迫、土壤供N形态、土壤性质及土壤供Ca水平或pH值对这一P吸收适应机制的作用程度均有一定的影响,土壤水分胁迫能明显加强这一适应机制对玉米幼苗P吸收的作用;粘质棕红壤上养分胁迫与水分胁迫同时作用时,这一适应机制对玉米幼苗P吸收的贡献率可达69％。     

土壤镉暴露对玉米和大豆的生态毒性评估

以中国东北黑土为培养基,通过室内急性毒性实验,采用Trimmed Spearman-Karber方法计算EC50值(半抑制浓度),并分析作物的生物累积系数(BAF),定量化评估了土壤中镉对玉米和大豆的生态毒性及生物有效性.测量终点为种子发芽率、根长和幼茎长.结果表明,土壤镉暴露给农作物带来一定的负生长效应.种子发芽率不是评估土壤镉生态毒性的敏感因子,根生长是敏感的毒性测量终点.镉在植株体内的累积及迁移与作物种类和土壤镉浓度有关.玉米植株体内累积了较大量的镉,而大豆植株体内镉由根向幼茎的迁移较为显著.     

大豆种子萌发对镉与模拟酸雨胁迫的响应

为了解土壤中镉(Cd)与酸雨对作物种子萌发的环境生物学效应,采用种子常规萌发试验研究了不同浓度的Cd~(2+)溶液与模拟酸雨复合污染对大豆种子萌发过程中发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数变化的影响.结果表明,Cd~(2+)对大豆种子萌发的毒害作用比酸雨明显,是构成复合污染的主要因素.Cd~(2+)和酸雨复合污染对大豆种子发芽率和发芽势有显著的正交互作用效应,即存在协同作用.Cd~(2+)与酸雨复合污染对大豆种子发芽指数和活力指数都有影响,但不表现出显著的交互作用效应,表明复合污染对这两项指标是两种污染物单因素效应的简单叠加.综合考虑,Cd~(2+)与酸雨复合污染对大豆种子萌发表现出明显的协同作用.     

污泥施肥铅对作物污染的研究

采用盆栽和小区试验,研究在石灰性土壤上污泥施肥进铅污染对水稻和大豆生产发育的影响,两种作物对土壤中铅的吸收,迁移和累积规律。结果表明,铅投加量为２０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,水稻和大豆的产量降至低于对照９０％以下;铅投加量为３０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,大豆籽粒铅含量仍未超过１ｍｇ／ｋｇ;但土壤中铅含量为２６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,水稻盆载糙米中的铅含量达到１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。根据试验结果建议将污泥农田施用时铅的控制标准修订为     

混凝预处理大豆蛋白废水实验研究

大豆蛋白废水是一种较难处理的高浓度有机废水,为降低后续生物处理单元的负荷,本研究选取多种混凝剂,如硫酸铝、氯化铁、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、四氯化钛和造纸污泥絮凝剂(PSF)等,采用混凝工艺对其进行了预处理,并对处理效果进行了对比,同时应用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和浒苔等做助凝剂分析了预处理效果.结果表明,PAC为混凝剂,PAM为助凝剂,投加量分别为0.3g/L和10mg/L时,既能取得较好的混凝预处理效果,也较符合实际应用要求.     

NO和H2O2对大豆幼苗铝毒害的缓解效应及其相互作用

NO和H₂O₂作为信号分子参与植物对非生物胁迫的响应,为了确定NO和H₂O₂介导的大豆耐铝作用以及二者的交互作用,以浙春3号大豆为材料,分析了铝毒胁迫下根尖内源及外源NO和H₂O₂对大豆铝毒的缓解效应,并研究了NO和H₂O₂代谢相关酶的活性变化, 其中外源NO由SNP(亚硝基铁氰化钠,Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]·2H₂O)提供. 结果显示:Al处理显著抑制大豆根生长,促使Al在根尖积累并显著提高大豆根尖内源w(NO)和w(H₂O₂). 在H₂O₂₊Al、SNP+Al和H₂O₂₊SNP+Al处理下,大豆根相对伸长率比单独Al处理下分别升高了64.6%、63.5%和69.5%,根尖w(Al)则分别减少了34.6%、36.8%和32.9%,表明NO和H₂O₂对铝毒害均具有缓解作用.外源NO能够促使根尖内源H₂O₂显著积累,降低POD(过氧化物酶)活性,而外源H₂O₂对内源根尖w(NO)无影响.NO和H₂O₂在缓解铝毒的信号途径中存在信号互作,NO处于H₂O₂的上游,其通过POD活性调节内源w(H₂O₂).      

麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及其吸附水中PAHs性能研究

麻疯树籽壳经磷酸处理,在300~700℃下炭化处理50min,制备了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭.以萘、蒽、菲、芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标物,考察了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对麻疯树籽壳生物质炭吸附性能的影响,探讨了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附效果及机理.结果表明,随炭化温度升高,生物质炭的比表面积逐渐增大;在25℃、生物质炭投加量为0.15g、吸附时间为60min的条件下,萘、蒽、芘和菲的去除率分别为97.4%、94.6%、93.1%和92.1%.麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程,萘、蒽、芘和菲的饱和吸附量分别为8.849、8.547、8.097和7.633mg/g.     

Influence of long-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

The present study was designed to reveal whether long-term consumption of bitter apricot seeds causes changes in lipid profile and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The study group consisted of 12 healthy adult volunteers (5 females and 7 males). The average age of women was 41.60 ± 11.28 years and the average age of men was 36.71 ± 13.70 years. Volunteers consumed 60 mg kg^?1 of body weight of bitter apricot seeds divided into 8–12 doses daily for 12 weeks. Volunteers were recruited from the general population of Slovak Republic. After 12 weeks, mean body weight of the participants increased from 77.34 to 78.22 kg (P > 0.05). The average total cholesterol levels decreased from 4.86 mmol L^?1 at the beginning of the study to 4.44 mmol L^?1 at the end of the study (P < 0.05). We did not observe any significant increase in high-density cholesterol (from 1.55 to 1.60 mmol L^?1). The average low-density cholesterol levels decreased from 2.93 mmol L^?1 at the beginning of the study to 2.31 mmol L^?1 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). Concentration of triglycerides increased significantly over the 12-week intervention period from 0.84 to 1.17 mmol L^?1. After the intervention, the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level decreased from 1.92 to 1.23 mg L^?1, but results were non-significant (P > 0.05). Creatine kinase serum levels increased from 2.31 to 2.77 mg L^?1 (P > 0.05) over the 12-week intervention period. The results suggest that regular intake of bitter apricot seeds may be considered potentially useful for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.