静电场和聚乙二醇等处理对大豆种子抗吸胀冷害的促进作用的比较

用正、负高压静电场（HVEF）,聚乙二醇（PEG）,氯化钙（CaCl2）和二甲基亚矾（DMSO）等方法预处理大豆种子,比较种子抗低温吸胀冷害的能力结果表明：负高压静电场处理能促进膜相转变或损伤修复,并能在低温吸胀时减少无机离子,有机大分子物质的外渗;还能提高种子内自由基清除酶系的活性,促进糖原和贮存蛋白的代谢及生长调节物质的水平比较几种处理方法的效果表明：高压静电场处理主要提高自由基清除酶系和基础代谢酶的活性,而对吸胀时的膜损伤修复的促进效果较小;聚乙二醇和氯化钙则在促进种子吸胀时的睦相转变和膜损伤修复方面有显著作用所有的处理方法均在不同程度上抑制羟自由基（HO）的产生,从而减轻膜脂质过氧化的伤害.     

麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及对六价铬离子的吸附研究

以麻疯树籽壳为原料经磷酸活化后炭化处理制备了生物质炭吸附剂。以六价铬离子为目标对象,考察了磷酸浓度、活化时间、炭化温度、炭化时间等制备条件对生物质炭吸附六价铬离子的能力,并探讨了生物质炭的投加量、溶液pH值等工艺条件对六价铬离子吸附能力的影响。结果表明:在磷酸浓度为2 mol/L,活化18 h,600℃下炭化1.5 h时所制得的生物质炭在投加量为5 g/L、溶液pH值为3时对铬离子的吸附效果最佳,铬离子去除率为74.5%。     

Effects of pyrethroid insecticide seed treatments on Rhizobium japonicum and its symbiotic relationship with,and growth of soybean

Abstract

Two pyrethroid insecticides were compared with two fungicides for their effects on the rhizobial and seedling components of the N₂‐fixing symbiosis in soybeans (Glycine max Merr. variety Olinda). In vitro growth of Rhizobium japonicum RI16, was inhibited in the order of HgCl₂ > thiram > cypermethrin > permethrin. The emergence of the seedlings was stimulated by all chemicals tested. Also, none of the pesticides studied had any significant effect on N₂ fixation (acetylene reduction), at the dosages used. Consequently, yields of the various organs were also not significantly influenced by the chemicals.     

The Probability of a Horizontal Gene Transfer from Roundup Ready® Soybean to Root Symbiotic Bacteria: A Risk Assessment Study on the GSF Lysimeter Station

The gene transfer from glyphosate tolerant soybean to Bradyrhizobium japonicum was evaluated in a free-air lysimeter experiment under natural conditions and increasing selection pressure, to monitor for the probability of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). A large volume lysimeter study that offers conditions comparable to normal farming was conducted in 2004 and 2005 with Roundup Ready® (RR) soybean and Roundup® application according to agricultural practice. Analysis of nodules showed, as expected, the presence of the transgenic 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). However, in bacteroids that were isolated from nodules and then cultivated for several rounds in the presence of high levels of glyphosate, the EPSPS gene could no longer be detected. This indicates no stable HGT transfer of the whole EPSPS gene under field conditions.     

Ontogenetic and spatio-temporal patterns of induced volatiles in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> in the light of the optimal defence hypothesis

Summary. Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit a blend of volatile compounds that serve as important host location cues for parasitoid wasps. Variability in the released blend may exist on the whole-plant and withinplant level and can affect the foraging efficiency of parasitoids. We comprehensively assessed the kinetics of herbivore-induced volatiles in soybean in the context of growth stage, plant organ, leaf age, and direction of signal transport. The observed patterns were used to test the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis (OD). We found that plants in the vegetative stage emitted 10-fold more volatiles per biomass than reproductive plants and young leaves emitted >2.6 times more volatiles than old leaves. Systemic induction in single leaves was stronger and faster by one day in acropetal than in basipetal direction while no systemic induction was found in pods. Herbivore-damaged leaves had a 200-fold higher release rate than pods. To some extent these findings support the OD: i) indirect defence levels were increased in response to herbivory and ii) young leaves, which are more valuable, emitted more volatiles. However, the fact that reproductive structures emitted no constitutive or very few inducible volatiles is in seeming contrast to the OD predictions. We argue that in case of volatile emission the OD can only partially explain the patterns of defence allocation due to the peculiarity that volatiles act as signals not as toxins or repellents.     

大豆膳食纤维改性及其对阳离子染料吸附特性

对大豆膳食纤维进行了羧甲基化改性,并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构进行了表征.研究了羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维用量、吸附时间、吸附温度、溶液pH值等因素对其吸附亚甲基蓝、结晶紫和品红效果的影响.结果表明,当吸附温度为25℃、羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维浓度为20 mg/L、溶液pH值为6.8和吸附时间为60 min时,羧甲基化大豆膳食纤维对亚甲基蓝、结晶紫和品红的去除率分别达到96.4％、95.6％和94.7％.另外,此吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型.     

Renewable biofuel production from hydrocracking of soybean biodiesel with a commercial petroleum Ni-W catalyst

As a potential hydrocarbon production method, the hydrocracking of soybean biodiesel, using a commercial petroleum hydrocracking catalyst, was studied. Experiments were carried out in a 1,000 mL, high-pressure autoclave for 2–4 hr over the temperature range of 200–280°C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 10 MPa. Hydrocracking of soybean biodiesel produced n-paraffins in the C₈–C₁₇ boiling range, which includes both green gasoline and diesel. Both pressure and temperature play important roles in the transformation of soybean biodiesel. Hydrocarbons can be formed above 220°C with a liquid yield of 81.76%. The n-alkanes content of the liquid product reached 32.29% at 280°C, with 88.32% C₁₁–C₁₄ selectivity. In addition, hydrocracking results in many changes of catalyst such as physical properties, morphology, etc. For the used catalyst, the concentrations of Ni and C increased, and the pore channels were significantly reduced.     

ABR处理大豆蛋白废水的效能及微生物群落动态分析

为考察厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理大豆蛋白生产废水的效能及其运行特征,采用有效容积为28 L的四格室ABR,通过为期100 d的运行,研究了基于进水COD浓度提高的有机负荷(OLR)改变对其处理效能的影响,并以真细菌的通用引物SRV3-2P和BSF8/20,通过单链构象多态性(SSCP)和UPGMA群落聚类分析,对反应器运行过程中微生物菌落结构的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,以啤酒厂二沉池排放的好氧剩余污泥为种泥.在污泥接种量MLVSS为18.0 g·L-1、进水COD浓度2 000mg·L-1、HRT 39.5 h、(35±1)℃等条件下,可在31 d内成功启动ABR并达到初步稳定运行,COD去除率达到96%左右;ABR具有较强的抗OLR冲击能力,当OLR由1.2 kg·(m3·d)-1逐步提高到6.0 kg·(m3·d)-1时,ABR仍能实现安全稳定运行,其COD去除率可以稳定在98%左右;OLR的改变,对ABR内微生物群落的结构以及不同微生物类群在各格室中的分布具有显著影响,随着OLR的逐步提高,ABR各格室微生物的遗传距离逐渐拉大.特异性随之增加,表现出显著的生物相分离特征.     

大豆油乙氧基化合物的生物降解

采用振荡培养实验和活性污泥模拟实验对大豆油乙氧基化合物（SOE）进行了生物降解研究。实验结果表明,振荡培养实验中SOE的初级生物降解度随平均环氧乙烷加成数的增多而略有下降,且SOE-4,SOE-10,SOE-20的初级生物降解度在第6天时分别为97．3％,91．1％,89．4％;活性污泥模拟实验中SOE的初级生物降解度随平均环氧乙烷加成数的增多而增加,且SOE-4,SOE-10,SOE-20的初级生物降解度在第8天时分别为29．0％,81．2％,100．0％。用激光粒度仪测量SOE水合物在不同静置时间时的粒径分布及分散度结果表明,随静置时间的延长,平均环氧乙烷加成数少的SOE水合物粒径逐渐增大,且分散性或水溶性变差,易产生团聚导致初级生物降解度降低。对水溶性或分散性较差的表面活性剂,建议以振荡培养实验研究其生物降解性较为恰当。     

Low-cost and efficient adsorbent derived from pyrolysis of Jatropha curcas seeds for the removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions

Biochar, is a low-cost material that can be used as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals. In this study, a low-cost and efficient adsorbent synthesised from Jatropha curcas seeds was used for the uptake of Cu²⁺ from aqueous solutions. The as-prepared adsorbent was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis post calcination at 500 °C, its BET surface area and total pore volume were 39.62?m²?g^?1 and 0.049?m³?g^?1, respectively. Subsequently, the effects of initial pH of the solution, contact time, and adsorbent material dosage on the adsorption of Cu²⁺ by the prepared adsorbent were investigated. The as-prepared adsorbent exhibited a high performance, with a maximum adsorption amount of 32.895?mg?g^?1 for Cu²⁺ at pH 5.0 and 25 °C, owing to the presence of ?OH, C=O, C–O, Si-O-Si, and O-Si-O on its surface. The predominant Cu²⁺ adsorption mechanism was assumed to be ion exchange. Notably, the Cu²⁺ adsorption could attain equilibrium within 90?min. In addition, the fact that the Langmuir model was a better fit than the Freundlich model for the isotherm data of Cu²⁺ adsorption by the as-prepared adsorbent suggested that the adsorption of Cu²⁺ was a monolayer adsorption process.