国外城市垃圾焚烧排放物标准比较

本文综述了国外几个发达国家及公司在城市垃圾焚烧技术中污染物排放的一些标准，可以为国内在设计城市垃圾处理厂及垃圾焚烧炉时提供有益的借鉴。     

Origins of black carbon from anthropogenic emissions and open biomass burning transported to Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Black carbon (BC) has importance regarding aerosol composition, radiative balance, and human exposure. This study adopted a backward-trajectory approach to quantify the origins of BC from anthropogenic emissions ($\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{An}}$) and open biomass burning ($\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{BB}}$) transported to Xishuangbanna in 2017. Haze months, between haze and clean months, and clean months in Xishuangbanna were defined according to daily PM_2.5 concentrations of >75, 35–75, and <35 µg/m³, respectively. Results showed that the transport efficiency density (TED) of BC transported to Xishuangbanna was controlled by the prevailing winds in different seasons. The yearly contributions to the effective emission intensity of $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{An}}$ and $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{BB}}$ transported to Xishuangbanna were 52% and 48%, respectively. However, when haze occurred in Xishuangbanna, the average $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{An}}$ and $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{BB}}$ contributions were 23% and 77%, respectively. This suggests that open biomass burning (BB) becomes the dominant source in haze months. Myanmar, India, and Laos were the dominant source regions of BC transported to Xishuangbanna during haze months, accounting for 59%, 18%, and 13% of the total, respectively. Furthermore, India was identified as the most important source regions of $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{An}}$ transported to Xishuangbanna in haze months, accounting for 14%. The two countries making the greatest contributions to $\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{BB}}$ transported to Xishuangbanna were Myanmar and Laos in haze months, accounting for 55% and 13%, respectively. BC emissions from Xishuangbanna had minimal effects on the results of the present study. It is suggested that open BB in Myanmar and Laos, and anthropogenic emissions in India were responsible for poor air quality in Xishuangbanna.     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

喷淋对大空间喷头上方羽流特性的影响

基于经典羽流模型,通过全尺寸试验测量大空间喷头上方羽流中心线不同高度处的温度和速度,分析羽流中心线温度和速度的变化规律,并与经典羽流模型做比较,得出喷淋对大空间喷头上方羽流特性的影响。结果表明:喷淋启动前,羽流温度和速度随高度增加的变化趋势与经典羽流模型基本一致;喷淋启动后,各高度处温度显著降低,速度显著减小,温度随时间的变化趋势与喷淋压力有关,且温度和速度随高度增加的变化趋势发生明显改变。     

煤氧化特性与影响因素实验研究

为分析自热临界温度和采空区漏风风速对煤自燃的影响,在常温(30℃)、中温(60℃)、不同通气量等条件下对滕东煤矿3下煤层煤样进行了煤炭自燃氧化规律实验。结果表明:煤样在60℃氧化所放出的CO量较30℃时高3.4~4.1倍,煤炭氧化速率上升梯度约1.35 ppm/℃;在恒温变通气量条件下,CO气体浓度呈现先减小后稳定的趋势,CO的释放量随通气量的增大而减小;在通气量为50 mL/min(采空区漏风为0.1 m/min)的条件下,煤氧化释放的CO量最大且煤氧化能力最强,应加强最易发生自燃漏风区域的密封防护。     

长江三角洲2010~2018年生物质燃烧中等挥发性有机物(IVOCs)排放清单

中等挥发性有机物（IVOCs）是一类重要的二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的前体物.其中,生物质燃烧是IVOCs的重要来源之一,但目前尚未包括在传统的排放清单中.本研究基于卫星火点排放清单（FINN）以及IVOCs/POA比例法对长三角地区2010至2018年生物质燃烧IVOCs的排放量进行估算,构建长三角地区2010～2018年基于卫星火点的生物质燃烧IVOCs排放清单,并分析其不确定性,为后续模拟长三角地区SOA的来源提供重要的基础数据.结果表明,在2010～2018年期间,长三角地区火点数整体呈现下降趋势,在过去3年（2016～2018年）火点数维持在6000次左右,较2016年之前下降了约60%.从火点数的月分布来看,火点发生最多的月份是5～8月,其次在10月有个小高峰.基于IVOCs/POA比例系数法的计算结果表明,由不同的POA/OC以及IVOCs/POA比例得到的长三角地区生物质燃烧IVOCs排放总量结果差别巨大,平均值为73.4万t（10.5～305.7万t）.基于蒙特卡罗的不确定性模拟,长三角地区生物质燃烧IVOCs排放量的不确定范围在-99%～68%之间.     

Dynamics of major air pollutants from crop residue burning in mainland China, 2000–2014

Based on satellite image data and China's Statistical Yearbooks(2000 to 2014), we estimated the total mass of crop residue burned, and the proportion of residue burned in the field vs.indoors as domestic fuel. The total emissions of various pollutants from the burning of crop residue were estimated for 2000-2014 using the emission factor method. The results indicate that the total amount of crop residue and average burned mass were 8690.9 Tg and4914.6 Tg, respectively. The total amount of emitted pollutants including CO_2, CO, NOx,VOCs, PM_(2.5), OC(organic carbon), EC(element carbon) and TC(total carbon) were 4212.4–8440.9 Tg, 192.8–579.4 Tg, 4.8–19.4 Tg, 18.6–61.3 Tg, 18.8–49.7 Tg, 6.7–31.3 Tg, 2.3–4.7 Tg, and8.5–34.1 Tg, respectively. The emissions of pollutants released from crop residue burning were found to be spatially variable, with the burning of crop residue mainly occurring in Northeast, North and South China. In addition, pollutant emissions per unit area(10 km ×10 km) were mostly concentrated in the central and eastern regions of China. Emissions of CO_2, NOx, VOCs, OC and TC were mainly from rice straw burning, while burning of corn and wheat residues contributed most to emissions of CO, PM_(2.5) and EC. The increased ratio of PM_(2.5) emissions from crop residue burning to the total emitted from industry during the study period is attributed to the implementation of strict emissions management policies in Chinese industry. This study also provides baseline data for assessment of the regional atmospheric environment.     

Highly time-resolved aerosol characteristics during springtime in Weizhou Island

A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during March 2015 in Weizhou Island of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi province, South China. In this campaign, a total of 3,100,597 particles were sized, and 25.8%particles with both positive and negative mass spectrum were collected and 24.8%characterized in combination with the ART-2 a neural network algorithm. The distribution of sized particles was mainly in from 520 to 600 nm, and the diameters ranging from 340 to1000 nm accounted for above 90%. Eight types of particles were classified: Elemental Carbon containing(EC), Organic Carbon containing(OC), EC and OC combined containing particles,Na containing particles, K containing particles(K), Levoglucosan containing particles,mineral containing particles, and Heavy Metal containing particles(HM). EC, OC and K were the major containing particles, which accounted for 84.3% in the eight types particles. The relative ratio and size distribution of the three types were EC(48.1%, 620 nm), OC(12.7%,440 nm), and K(23.5%, 600 nm), respectively. The three types of particles were a bit increasing ratios compared with those in clean periods during haze pollution periods.Combined with the back-trajectory results from the Hysplit-4 model and local pollution sources revealed that the ambient air quality on the Weizhou Island may be influenced by biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula(biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula)from the transportation on higher level atmospheric layer and by mainland of south China located northeast of Weizhou Island on the ground.     

吸水性还原性材料对煤自燃影响的实验研究

为了解决吸水性盐和还原性材料仅依靠其单一特性抑制煤自燃而抑制效果并不理想的问题,提出了利用羟甲基磺酸钠的吸水性和还原性来抑制煤自燃。将原煤-20%羟甲基磺酸钠通过对比原煤、原煤-20%MgCl2和原煤-20%VC,利用程序升温实验和FTIR测试来研究其抑制煤自燃的效果。研究结果表明:3种溶液处理煤均在一定程度上抑制了煤自燃,其中,20%羟甲基磺酸钠溶液对抑制煤低温氧化的效果最好,经过其处理的煤样表观活化能最大,同时,依靠其还原性很好地保护了煤中的亚甲基和羟基不被破坏,抑制煤自燃效果明显优于20%MgCl2溶液和20%VC溶液。     

煤自燃特性及自然发火预测预报指标体系研究

以梁宝寺矿3号煤层为背景,采用色谱吸氧法和氧化动力法对其自燃倾向性进行了对比分析。同时,通过煤氧化升温热解实验对其升温过程中各气体随温度的变化规律进行了分析,以实验所得和灰色关联分析所得定性和定量相结合的方式,优选出了不同温度阶段煤自然发火预测预报所对应的第一、第二和第三预测指标,建立了煤自然发火预测预报体系,为有效抑制该矿及同类矿井火灾的发生具有重要意义。