农业残留物燃烧温室气体排放清单研究:以江苏省为例

通过问卷调查确定了江苏省农业残留物在不同时间阶段(1990～1995、1996～2000、2001～2005和2006～2008年)作为生活燃料和田间直接燃烧的比例,利用燃烧炉模拟秸秆燃烧试验确定了6种农业残留物(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜、棉花和大豆)燃烧产生的CO2、CO、CH4和N2O的排放因子;基于此,结合江苏省不...     

中国生物质燃烧大气污染物排放清单

根据2000-2007年各省市生物质燃烧消耗量和排放因子,估算了中国大陆生物质燃烧所导致的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM、BC排放量,并给出了分省区、分生物质类型的排放清单.研究表明,2007年中国生物质燃烧排放的NOx、SO2、CO、CO2、CH4、NMHC、PM和BC排放量分别为109万t,1...     

石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫技术在燃煤电厂中的应用

介绍华能国际电力股份有限公司丹东电厂现采用的一炉一塔石灰石一石膏湿法脱硫方案.主体工程包括烟气系统和二氧化硫吸收系统,配套脱硫剂制备系统、石膏脱水系统等,设计脱硫效率95%,脱硫保证率为90%以上.     

中国民用煤燃烧排放细颗粒物中重金属的清单

基于稀释通道采样系统和室内模拟燃烧实测,并搜集全国各省区煤中11种重金属的含量,推算出两种常用民用煤(蜂窝煤和块煤)燃烧排放的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb和Pb等11种重金属排放因子.计算了2012年全国(除港、澳、台地区)民用燃煤排放PM_(2.5)中重金属的排放量,并建立了全国30 km×30 km的网格化清单.结果表明,蜂窝煤燃烧排放PM2.5中,Pb、Zn、As和Cu的排放因子较高,分别为27.1、16.8、0.99和0.97 mg·kg-1,分别是块煤的56、6、10和2倍.2012年我国民用燃煤燃烧排放PM_(2.5)中V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb和Pb的排放总量分别为0.5、30.1、59.5、1.1、29.3、20.0、188.9、64.9、1.6、3.4和176.7 t.湖南、河北、内蒙古、河南和山东等省区民用煤燃烧排放的各种重金属总排放量较高,分别占全国排放总量的12.4%、12.3%、10.4%、9.9%和9.3%.不同重金属的单位面积排放强度与人均排放量显示,北京、河南、山东、湖南、江西、贵州以及内蒙古等地区存在较高的重金属健康风险.空间分布信息显示,Zn和Pb年排放量较大的地区分布较广,主要分布在内蒙古、河北、北京、天津、山东、河南、甘肃、湖南以及江西等省(市)区.本研究所得细粒子中重金属清单可为区域空气质量模拟、人体健康风险评估等提供基础数据.     

Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere

•Harbin showed relatively high threshold RH (80%) for apparent increase of SOR. •The observed SOR were at the lower end of the ratios from Beijing’s winter. •Temperature-dependent increase of NOR was sharper than that of SOR. • NOR increased with stronger biomass burning impact but SOR was largely unchanged. Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was investigated during a six-month long heating season in Harbin, China. Enhanced sulfate formation was observed at high relative humidity (RH), with the same threshold RH (80%) for both colder and warmer measurement periods. Compared to wintertime results from Beijing, the threshold RH was considerably higher in Harbin, whereas the RH-dependent enhancement of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was less significant. In addition, the high RH events were rarely encountered, and for other periods, the SOR were typically as low as ~0.1. Therefore, the sulfate formation was considered inefficient in this study. After excluding the several cases with high RH, both SOR and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) exhibited increasing trends as the temperature increased, with the increase of NOR being sharper. The nitrate to sulfate ratio tended to increase with increasing temperature as well. Based on a semi-quantitative approach, this trend was attributed primarily to the temperature-dependent variations of precursors including SO₂ and NO₂. The influence of biomass burning emissions on SIA formation was also evident. With stronger impact of biomass burning, an enhancement in NOR was observed whereas SOR was largely unchanged. The different patterns were identified as the dominant driver of the larger nitrate to sulfate ratios measured at higher concentrations of fine particulate matter.     

综放采空区瓦斯与煤自燃多场耦合模拟研究

为了分析瓦斯与煤自燃多场耦合致灾特性,结合瓦斯抽采引起的采空区混合气体流动、气体组分渗流与采空区渗透率变化、固气两相热量传输等多物理过程,建立了基于综放采空区高位钻孔瓦斯抽采的热-流-化多场耦合数学模型,采用COMSOL软件模拟了综放采空区高位钻孔抽采瓦斯诱导煤自燃过程,阐明了瓦斯与煤自燃多场耦合致灾机理,得到了寸草塔二矿31102综放采空区氧化带范围与高温范围,并探讨了抽采强度对综放采空区氧浓度场与温度场的影响。研究结果表明:高位钻孔抽采瓦斯有效地降低了回风巷瓦斯浓度,保证了31102综放工作面安全高效回采。增大综放采空区高位钻孔抽采瓦斯强度不能保证煤自燃安全性,二者存在矛盾,在得到高效抽采瓦斯的同时,会造成进风侧氧化带宽度增加,采空区氧化带边界向深处蔓延,扩大煤自燃高温区域,漏风携氧充分的参与煤氧复合反应,采空区最高温度逐渐上升,煤自燃风险增大。     

氯化镁微胶囊泡沫作用机理及阻化效果研究

针对现有硫化矿石自燃防治技术在应用中存在的不足,提出了采用氯化镁微胶囊泡沫防治硫化矿石自燃火灾的新思路。首先阐述了氯化镁微胶囊泡沫的特性与作用机理,然后通过实验,制备了微胶囊与微胶囊泡沫并以正交试验确定了制备微胶囊泡沫的最佳配方:微胶囊与水质量比为1∶5、ABS浓度为6 g/L、稳泡剂X浓度为6 g/L;最后采用对照实验,以温度与阻化率为优选依据,对氯化镁微胶囊泡沫、氯化镁溶液与水三者的阻化效果进行比较。结果表明在氯化镁微胶囊泡沫的作用下,硫化矿石堆的温度上升最慢,阻化率最高,达到81.6%,阻化效果优于其他两种阻化剂。     

Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement

Fresh straw burning (SB) particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types: Salt, Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and internally mixed particles of EC and OC (EC-OC). In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradually oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC-containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displacement reaction (2KCl+ SO42−→ K₂SO₄ + 2Cl⁻) was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K⁺ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.     

高抽巷层位对采空区自燃危险性影响的数值模拟分析

针对高抽巷抽采瓦斯可能诱发的采空区自燃问题,以大佛寺煤矿40108工作面构建采空区气体渗流模型,分析了不同垂距和平距下高抽巷抽采瓦斯时对采空区自燃危险性的影响。结果表明:高抽巷与煤层顶板的垂距越大,氧化升温带的宽度越大,采空区自燃危险性越高。高抽巷距回风巷平距为30m时,氧化升温带的宽度最小,采空区自燃危险性最低。依据研究结论,结合高抽巷抽采瓦斯时的层位要求,分析得出大佛寺煤矿40108工作面高抽巷最佳位置为距煤层顶板垂距30m,距回风巷平距30m处。     

Ackee apple (Blighia sapida) seeds: a novel adsorbent for the removal of Congo Red dye from aqueous solutions

The ability of ackee apple (AA) seeds to remove Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solution was investigated. AA was characterised using thermo gravimetric analyser, scanning electron microscopy, Braunauer Emmett Teller, pH_pzc, elemental analysis and Boehm titration. The effects of operational parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and solution pH were studied in a batch system. pH has a profound influence on the adsorption process. Maximum dye adsorption was observed at pH 3.0. The reaction was fast, reaching equilibrium in 90 min. Adsorption data were best described by Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a maximum monolayer coverage of 161.89 mg·g^?1. Both boundary layer and intraparticle diffusion mechanisms were found to govern the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy change (Δ G ⁰), standard enthalpy change (Δ H ⁰), and standard entropy change (Δ S ⁰) were studied. Values of Δ G ⁰ varied between?30.94 and?36.56 kJ·mol^?1, Δ H ⁰ was 25.61 kJ·mol^?1, and Δ S ⁰ was 74.84 kJ·mol^?1·K^?1, indicating that the removal of CR from aqueous solution by AA was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Regeneration and reusability studies were carried out using different eluents. AA gave the highest adsorption efficiency up to four cycles when treated with 0.3 M HCl. AA was found to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of CR dye from aqueous solution.