生物质露天焚烧及家庭燃用的多环芳烃排放特征研究

农村地区生物质燃烧排放是大气多环芳烃(PAHs)的重要来源之一.本研究利用建立的烟尘罩稀释通道采样系统,对我国典型的生物质燃烧方式—水稻、玉米、花生、大豆秸秆的家庭炉灶燃烧,并对水稻、玉米、花生秸秆以及荔枝树、大叶榕、小叶榕等落叶的露天焚烧进行实验室模拟,实测了秸秆野外焚烧、落叶野外焚烧、秸秆炉灶燃烧等3种典型生物质燃烧类型排放的气相及颗粒相PAHs的排放因子.结果表明,本研究生物质露天焚烧PAHs排放因子高于大部分已有实验结果,秸秆炉灶燃烧PAHs排放因子亦高于大部分排放清单采用值.3类燃料燃烧排放PAHs的谱分布相近,均以中低环PAHs为主,中高环(4~6环)PAHs比例为22.2%~28.8%.采用某单一数值作为某类源PAHs特征比的取值,并将其运用于大气PAHs的来源解析可能会造成偏差.     

三种农作物秸秆燃烧颗粒态多环芳烃排放特征

收集3种农作物秸秆玉米,水稻和小麦露天燃烧排放的颗粒物样品,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对样品中的34种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析,研究颗粒态PAHs的排放因子及可用于源解析的诊断参数.结果表明,3种秸秆燃烧总PAHs的排放因子为644.18~1798.13μg/kg;其中4环PAHs在秸秆燃烧样品中含量最高,约占38.8%~58.8%,6环PAHs所占比例相对较小,约占5.72%~15.17%.PAHs中部分单体具有相对较强致癌性,对环境和人体健康的影响不可忽视.首次检测分子量为300的高分子多环芳烃二苯并[a,e]荧蒽.在玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆燃烧排放颗粒物中的排放因子分别为6.70,2.77和2.92μg/kg.此外,研究发现BaP/BghiP, Phe/Phe+Ant和Flu/(Flu + Pyr)比值可以作为较好的区分秸秆燃烧与其他来源的诊断参数.     

利用CALPUFF对安徽和河南秸秆焚烧的模拟与研究

秸秆焚烧会产生大量的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物、有机碳、苯以及多环芳烃等污染物,不仅影响空气质量,危害人体健康,而且大大降低能见度,对交通运输构成威胁. 针对安徽和河南2009年6月严重的秸秆焚烧现象,对CALPUFF模拟系统和FEPS模型进行重新编译与整合,对空气动力学直径小于10 μm的颗粒物(PM₁₀)进行扩散模拟,得到逐时ρ(PM₁₀₎的烟羽扩散,并对模拟结果进行分析. 结果表明,秸秆焚烧过程中焚烧点附近的ρ(PM₁₀₎较大,研究区域内部分区域的日均ρ(PM₁₀₎大于我国二级标准(150 μg/m3)甚至三级标准(350 μg/m3). 如果考虑二次粒子,其影响程度会更加严重.      

模糊综合评价在矿井内因火灾评价中的应用

矿井火灾是直接威肋矿井安全生产的主要灾害之一,而矿井火灾又以矿井内因火灾为主。矿井内因火灾的影响因素很多,影响过程也极其复杂。对矿井进行矿井内因火灾安全评价,可以有效识别矿井的火灾危险源和危险源的变化,并对其危险度做出评价,从而为矿井防火安全设计、安全管理提供依据。文中构建了矿井内因火灾评价指标体系的层次结构模型,综合运用模糊综合评价法和层次分析法建立矿井内因火灾模糊综合评价模式。结合实际矿井对其进行安全等级评价,评价结果与实际情况相符。根据评价结果可以采取相应的防灭火措施,为指导矿山安全生产奠定了重要的基础。     

Perceptions of Prescribed Burning in a Local Forest Community in Victoria, Australia

The general perceptions of prescribed burning were elicited from forest users for an area that has been subject to this form of land management for at least 20 years. The largest group consisted of local residents living in and around the Wombat State Forest with two smaller groups of students from a nearby university campus and local professional land managers. A questionnaire was given to each participant in order to explore how the forest was used, to determine the level of knowledge of burning in the targeted forest and Victoria and the perception of the appearance, effectiveness of protection, and accessibility to the forest after prescribed burning. Generally all groups had similar responses with community members having stronger views on the effectiveness and practicalities of prescribed burning, whereas students were more neutral in their opinions. All participants claimed knowledge of prescribed burning activities within Victoria, but fewer had experience of planned fires in the Wombat State Forest. All groups agreed that areas that had not been recently burned had a better appearance than those that had, but this result may have included a range of value judgments. Land managers had a greater understanding of the ecological importance of season and timing of burning; however, some students and community members were equally knowledgeable. Prescribed burning did not impede access to the forest, nor did smoke from prescribed burns pose any great problem. The majority of the participants felt that the amount of prescribed burning done in the forest was adequate for engendering a feeling of protection to life and property, yet many were still suspicious of this management practice. These initial findings indicate several areas in which further research would be useful including the efficacy of education programs for community members and improved communication of burn plans by land managers.     

聚脲弹性体阻燃改性的研究进展

介绍了聚脲的特性与燃烧机制,从添加型和反应型2个方面总结了聚脲阻燃改性的研究现状,包括添加卤系、磷系、氮系、纳米阻燃剂,以及通过化学反应引入阻燃元素及结构等方法,系统分析了阻燃机理及各自优缺点。提出添加型阻燃剂存在与基体相容性不佳的问题,反应型阻燃改性技术难度大,但是不存在界面问题,结合不同阻燃剂的优势可实现协同提升的效果。研究结果为提高聚脲阻燃性能提供了技术参考。     

水分对堆积状态褐煤自燃特性影响研究

为研究水分对低阶煤在堆积状态下自然发火特性的影响,基于Frank-Kamenetskii理论,采用开放式恒温加热试验法,分析不同水分含量(4%～23%)白音华褐煤的升温过程及临界自燃着火温度。进一步研究不同煤样粒径(0.5～5 mm)和煤堆体积(1.25～10×10⁵ mm³)条件下,水分对堆积褐煤自燃特性的影响。结果表明,不同水分含量煤堆升温规律基本一致,根据中心点升温速率,可将煤样升温过程划分为4个动态阶段。相同粒径及体积条件下,水分含量越高,煤样临界自燃着火温度越高,抑制升温时间越长,表征内在水分蒸发强度的k值越大;相同水分及体积条件下,k值随粒径的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;相同水分及粒径条件下,煤堆体积越大,其临界自燃着火温度越低,水分的蒸发对不同体积煤堆自燃均表现出抑制作用。     

寻求解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径

针对乌鲁木齐市最突出的环境问题——冬季采暖期空气污染,从主客观二方面进行了原因分析,并结合“十一五”和2020年环境保护目标,从7个方面分析论述了解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径,使多年困扰乌鲁木齐市的空气污染问题有望从根本上得到解决。     

The explosion of non-nano iron dust suspension in the 20-l spherical bomb

The understanding of dust explosion is still incomplete because of the lack of reliable data and accurate models accounting for all the physic-chemical aspects. Besides, most of the experimental data available in the current literature has been accumulated on the 20-l spherical bomb tests, which gives coarse results for the pressure history that cannot be easily converted into fundamental combustion parameters. Nevertheless, the large amount of experimental data available in the spherical bomb is attractive. In this work, the explosion of non-nano iron dust in the standard spherical vessel is analyzed, aiming at evaluating the burning velocity from the theoretical point of view and the simple experiments performed by the standard explosion tests. The choice of iron is of relevance because its adiabatic flame temperature is below the boiling temperature of both the reactants and oxidized gaseous, liquid, or solid (intermediate and final) products and for the negligible particle porosity, which instead is typical of organic dust. Therefore, a non-nano iron dust explosion can be reconducted to a reduced mechanism since heterogeneous (surface) combustion may be determinant, and the diffusion mechanism for oxygen is the only relevant. The laminar burning velocity is strongly dependant on the particle diameter, whereas little effects are due to the dust concentration. The reported final value was found in agreement with typical limiting laminar burning velocity, adopted for the estimation of flammability limits.     

计划烧除的应用与研究

火作为一个重要的生态因子影响着生态系统的平衡。林火生态是计划烧除的理论基础,讨论作广科学家应用于营林,生态系统的保护和野动物的保护等方面。文中还对林地计划火烧的间隔期和计划划烧除的效果与评价作了阐述,并讨论了计划烧除在应用在存在的问题。