防控高温煤岩裂隙的膏体泡沫研制及应用

煤岩裂隙漏风导致的煤自燃火灾严重危害矿井安全生产,在现有防治煤炭自燃材料的基础上,以聚丙烯酰胺（A）、复合表面活性剂（B）、混合粉体（C）为原材料研制了一种防控高温煤岩裂隙的膏体泡沫。采用正交试验法以保水率、发泡倍数、阻化率为指标优选出了最佳的膏体泡沫配方为A4B4C4:A为70 g/L,B为19.5 g/L,C为270 g/L。对膏体泡沫进行了微观形态表征,并从泡孔尺寸大小及分布、液膜颗粒分布、液膜载体吸水等方面对膏体泡沫的保水、吸热和受热稳定机制进行了分析。最后以南方某煤矿复采工作面煤自燃发火为例,分析和判定了302工作面火区分布,采用钻孔压注膏体对火区高温煤岩裂隙进行控制,3d后工作面1-5#钻孔、三石门密闭处CO浓度从520 ppm,465 ppm,523 ppm,305 ppm,289 ppm,750 ppm下降到22 ppm,18 ppm,23 ppm,14 ppm,14 ppm,36 ppm。     

工作面动态推进下采空区煤自燃分布特征模拟

为了研究动态推进过程中工作面推进距离对采空区煤自燃分布特征的影响,采取及时有效的煤自燃防治措施,以13210综放面为工程背景,基于采空区渗透率分布公式和传热传质控制方程,建立采空区煤自燃数值解算模型。利用COMSOL软件模拟了工作面不同推进距离下以流速和氧体积分数为划分指标的采空区氧化带范围和高温区域的变化规律,分析了高温区域与氧化带的叠加效应。通过现场实测与模拟结果比对,验证了模拟的准确性。研究结果表明:采空区渗透率随着工作面推进距离的增加而不断变化,近工作面端渗透率变化不大,而中深部采空区的渗透率不断减小;采空区氧化带分布随工作面推进距离的增加呈现阶段性变化特征,推进初期氧化带范围不断变化,推进后期氧化带范围趋于稳定;采空区氧化带分布与高温区域重叠深度随工作面推进不断增加,最终稳定于工作面后方60~70 m范围内。     

Bayesian Networks and Adaptive Management of Wildlife Habitat

Abstract: Adaptive management is an iterative process of gathering new knowledge regarding a system's behavior and monitoring the ecological consequences of management actions to improve management decisions. Although the concept originated in the 1970s, it is rarely actively incorporated into ecological restoration. Bayesian networks (BNs) are emerging as efficient ecological decision‐support tools well suited to adaptive management, but examples of their application in this capacity are few. We developed a BN within an adaptive‐management framework that focuses on managing the effects of feral grazing and prescribed burning regimes on avian diversity within woodlands of subtropical eastern Australia. We constructed the BN with baseline data to predict bird abundance as a function of habitat structure, grazing pressure, and prescribed burning. Results of sensitivity analyses suggested that grazing pressure increased the abundance of aggressive honeyeaters, which in turn had a strong negative effect on small passerines. Management interventions to reduce pressure of feral grazing and prescribed burning were then conducted, after which we collected a second set of field data to test the response of small passerines to these measures. We used these data, which incorporated ecological changes that may have resulted from the management interventions, to validate and update the BN. The network predictions of small passerine abundance under the new habitat and management conditions were very accurate. The updated BN concluded the first iteration of adaptive management and will be used in planning the next round of management interventions. The unique belief‐updating feature of BNs provides land managers with the flexibility to predict outcomes and evaluate the effectiveness of management interventions.     

室内不同燃烧模式香烟污染的研究

香烟燃烧的主动吸烟、呼出烟雾、自由燃烧3种排放方式中,对一氧化碳CO、总挥发性有机物TVOC进行测定分析。自由燃烧模式较主动吸烟模式造成的CO和TVOC污染更高。对于室内环境的污染和被动吸烟者的危害,自由燃烧模式与呼出烟气模式的贡献比例CO和TVOC分别约为15/1和4/1。主动吸烟者吸入的烟气中CO和TVOC浓度可分别高达约10000mg/m3和800mg/m3,高出国家室内空气环境标准限量约1000倍,吸入的烟气中约有40%的CO通过肺部被人体吸收。     

俯采工作面采空区“三带”分布研究

为了防治采空区煤炭自燃,采用热电偶测温和束管气体监测方法对五沟矿1021俯采工作面观测,得到采空区温度及氧浓度的变化情况。通过对温度和氧浓度实测结果的分析,并利用MIN-MAX方法优化,最终确定了采空区"三带"的范围。结合五沟矿煤的自然发火期,可以推算出工作面的临界推进速度,以此有效指导工作面的防灭火工作。     

煤自燃灾害气体指标的阶段特征试验研究

为分析煤自燃早期气体指标变化特征规律,更好地解决煤矿现场灭火救灾决策问题,通过煤自燃程序升温试验,首先得到煤样气氛中O2,CO,CO2,CH4,C2H4和C2H6气体的体积分数随温度的变化规律。根据煤体温度,将煤自燃前期划分为5个阶段(潜伏、储热、蒸发、活跃和乏氧)。分析3种不同变质程度的煤样的气体指标在各阶段的变化特征。建立煤自燃气体指标与特征温度阶段区间的对应关系。结果表明:在自燃潜伏阶段,煤的变质程度越低,早期越易产生CO,越难产生CH4;在储热阶段,煤的变质程度越低,早期越易且越快产生C2H6;在蒸发阶段,煤内外在水分脱附,低变质煤的C2H4也随之产生;在活跃阶段,各种气体体积分数均有剧烈增高的趋势,较高变质煤的C2H4也随之产生;在乏氧阶段,O2体积分数低于15%,与O2体积分数相关指标(CO/ΔO2,CO/CO2等)趋势有所改变。     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫设施脱硫效率计算方法的探讨

为准确评估燃煤电厂脱硫设施在实际运用中的脱硫效率,根据目前脱硫效率的三种计算方法在实际运用中的问题,并应用燃煤电厂的实测数据,对比了三种方法计算得出脱硫效率的相对误差。结果表明：根据折算浓度评估脱硫效率,综合考虑了烟气泄漏对计算脱硫效率的影响,并且不受烟气旁路排放等因素影响,理论上和实践中都可以得到准确的脱硫效率。     

氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程爆炸分析与计算

分析总结了氧气钢瓶物理爆炸和化学爆炸的原因。针对2009年某市发生的一起氧气瓶内含油脂爆炸事故,系统分析了国内曾经发生的几次因油脂导致气瓶爆炸事故。油脂进入到氧气瓶内大都是由于误操作。油脂与高压纯氧接触会发生剧烈的自燃氧化放热,使瓶内的氧气迅速升温升压,超出气瓶承压极限导致爆炸破裂。分析比较发现由油脂导致的气瓶爆炸,其破坏程度不如混入可燃气体导致的气瓶爆炸剧烈,一般不是粉碎性爆炸。在正常的充氧过程中,氧气瓶温度会升高,采用变质量热力学中的方法,计算说明气瓶在充装过程中氧气温度的具体变化。充氧温度计算为充氧工作人员提供参考,如发现异常情况,可以及时地控制和预防。由现场压力表可知氧气瓶在充装至12MPa时发生爆炸,而氧气瓶最小爆炸压力为37.6MPa,油脂燃烧放热,计算可知致使钢瓶爆炸破裂所需要的最小油脂量,为66.4-79.6g。不同的充装压力下发生爆炸,所需要的最小油脂量不同,充装压力越高,爆炸所需要的最小油脂量越少。     

PTG测定油脂与高压氧气的反应

介绍说明几起氧气瓶内附油脂充氧过程中爆炸事故。介绍高压氧气与油脂的反应,论述了空压机润滑油燃烧基本特性,采用热重天平进行了空压机润滑油在不同压力的气体氛围内的燃烧试验,建立起空压机润滑油的热重和微商热重曲线,得到空压机润滑油在不同压力的氧气氛围内的自燃点。放入加压热重分析仪内的润滑油,接触高压氧气后迅速被氧化,氧气压力越高,氧化程度越深。随着氧气压力的升高,润滑油的着火点降低。这表明氧气瓶中油脂,随着充氧压力的增加,着火点降低,即压力越大,油脂越容易自燃,释放热量,导致爆炸。提出安全措施。     

Primary and secondary organic aerosol in an urban/industrial site: Sources, health implications and the role of plastic enriched waste burning

PM10 samples were collected from an urban/industrial site nearby Athens, where uncontrolled burning activities occur. PAHs, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxycarboxylic and aromatic acids, tracers from BVOC oxidation, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were determined. PAH, monocarboxylic acids, biomass burning tracers and bisphenol A were increased during autumn/winter, while BSOA tracers, dicarboxylic- and hydroxycarboxylic acids during summer. Regarding aromatic acids, different sources and formation mechanisms were indicated as benzoic, phthalic and trimellitic acids were peaked during summer whereas p-toluic, isophthalic and terephthalic were more abundant during autumn/winter. The Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, carcinogenic and mutagenic activities were calculated showing significant (p < 0.05) increases during the colder months. Palmitic, succinic and malic acids were the most abundant monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic and hydrocarboxylic acids during the entire sampling period. Isoprene oxidation was the most significant contributor to BSOA as the isoprene-SOA compounds were two times more abundant than the pinene-SOA (13.4 ± 12.3 and 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/m³, respectively). Ozone has significant impact on the formation of many studied compounds showing significant correlations with: isoprene-SOA (r = 0.77), hydrocarboxylic acids (r = 0.69), pinene-SOA (r = 0.63),dicarboxylic acids (r = 0.58), and the sum of phthalic, benzoic and trimellitic acids (r = 0.44). PCA demonstrated five factors that could explain sources including plastic enriched waste burning (30.8%), oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (23.0%), vehicle missions and cooking (9.2%), biomass burning (7.7%) and oxidation of VOCs (5.8%). The results highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste uncontrolled burning to the overall air quality degradation.