催化燃烧处理有机废气及催化剂中毒的防止

研究了在Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ、Ｃｅ多组分蜂窝状催化剂上乙醇、环己烷和苯的氧化性能及水蒸气对催化剂活性的影响,探讨了如何防止硫化氢和甲硫醇引起的催化剂中毒。     

Modeling Parent and Metabolite Fate and Transport in Subsurface Drained Fields With Directly Connected Macropores1

Abstract: Few studies exist that evaluate or apply pesticide transport models based on measured parent and metabolite concentrations in fields with subsurface drainage. Furthermore, recent research suggests pesticide transport through exceedingly efficient direct connections, which occur when macropores are hydrologically connected to subsurface drains, but this connectivity has been simulated at only one field site in Allen County, Indiana. This research evaluates the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) in simulating the transport of a parent compound and its metabolite at two subsurface drained field sites. Previous research used one of the field sites to test the original modification of the RZWQM to simulate directly connected macropores for bromide and the parent compound, but not for the metabolite. This research will evaluate RZWQM for parent/metabolite transformation and transport at this first field site, along with evaluating the model at an additional field site to evaluate whether the parameters for direct connectivity are transferable and whether model performance is consistent for the two field sites with unique soil, hydrologic, and environmental conditions. Isoxaflutole, the active ingredient in BALANCE^® herbicide, was applied to both fields. Isoxaflutole rapidly degrades into a metabolite (RPA 202248). This research used calibrated RZWQM models for each field based on observed subsurface drain flow and/or edge of field conservative tracer concentrations in subsurface flow. The calibrated models for both field sites required a portion (approximately 2% but this fraction may require calibration) of the available water and chemical in macropore flow to be routed directly into the subsurface drains to simulate peak concentrations in edge of field subsurface drain flow shortly after chemical applications. Confirming the results from the first field site, the existing modification for directly connected macropores continually failed to predict pesticide concentrations on the recession limbs of drainage hydrographs, suggesting that the current strategy only partially accounts for direct connectivity. Thirty‐year distributions of annual mass (drainage) loss of parent and metabolite in terms of percent of isoxaflutole applied suggested annual simulated percent losses of parent and metabolite (3.04 and 1.31%) no greater in drainage than losses in runoff on nondrained fields as reported in the literature.     

泥石流入汇的危险性判别指标

通过对比单沟和区域泥石流危险性的评估方法 ,提出了利用影响度、危险度和危害度 3项指标判别汇流区泥石流入汇危险性的设想 ,分析了泥石流入汇可能引起堵江的影响因子。作为尝试 ,给出了判别指标的计算公式 ,经实例验证具有较好的实用性 ,可作为规划设计的技术依据。     

燃煤电厂排放颗粒物中重金属形态的研究

本文分析用模拟酸雨浸提和Ｔｅｓｓｉｅｒ形态分离法，对燃煤电厂排放颗粒物中重金属形态进行了研究。结果表明，痕量金属绝大部分以稳定态存在，微米级飞灰中有较大活性的形态高于灰渣，煤燃烧高温条件使颗粒物中活性较大的形态含量减小。     

基于生态系统服务簇评价的长沙市生态修复优先区识别

为快速有效地划分长沙市生态修复优先级,构建了“生态系统服务簇—城市化强度”体系的生态修复优先区识别研究框架,运用生态系统服务价值计算模型、聚类分析、线性回归模型、空间统计等方法,识别研究区生态系统服务簇,对生态系统服务簇综合服务能力演变和城市化强度变化进行空间统计,进而识别出研究区生态修复优先区,并提出生态修复和保护策略。结果表明：城市扩张大量侵占城市周边土地,致使长沙市主城区4个生态系统服务簇在2000—2020年,有1 821个网格(占比为20.15%)发生了服务簇类型的改变;城市扩张破坏原有生态环境和景观格局,致使城市化发展对生态系统服务簇发展的影响始终是负面的,且随着城市化速度加快,其负面影响愈加明显;生态修复优先区被划分为5个等级,2 609个网格(占比为28.87%)需要进行生态修复,其中Ⅰ级生态修复优先区占比为13.53%,Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级占比分别为0.58%、12.53%、2.23%。Ⅰ级和Ⅲ级生态修复优先区应注重关键生态系统服务能力的提升,Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级生态修复优先区和生态保护区则应注重现有生态系统服务功能的保持。该方法能够快速定位高速城市化与生态系统受损同时发生的区域,并为不同分区修复策略的制定提供参考,在提升生态系统服务能力的同时,降低城市化对生态系统的负面影响。

     

基于生态安全格局的县域国土空间生态保护修复关键区域识别—以抚州市宜黄县为例

为了有效实现国土空间生态保护与修复,探讨国土空间生态安全格局构建与生态保护修复关键区域识别的方法具有重要意义。以抚州市宜黄县为例,基于“生态源地—景观阻力面—生态廊道”的基本框架,以MSPA（形态空间格局分析）模型识别生态源地,将生态保护重要性评价成果作为指标之一构建景观综合阻力面,集成最小累积阻力模型（MCR）、重力模型和电路理论,识别与提取生态廊道,构建国土空间生态安全格局。在此基础上,基于电路理论识别生态夹点、障碍点,进而判断出宜黄县国土空间生态保护修复的关键区域,对需要修复的关键区域进行修复分区并提出修复建议。结果表明：宜黄县有10个生态源地;生态廊道共19条,包括7条重要生态廊道和12条一般生态廊道;待修复生态夹点20处,障碍点26处;待修复关键区域38处,划定为5个生态修复分区,分别为农业用地生态建设区、城镇绿地建设维护区、河道治理修复区、生态用地维护修复区以及道路生态廊道畅通区。

     

Emission control for precursors causing acid rain (V): Improvement of acid soil with the bio-briquette combustion ash

The bio-briquette technique which mixes coal, biomass and sulfur fixation agent and bio-briquettes under 3-5 t/cm^2 line pressure has aroused people‘s attention in view of controlling the air pollution and the acid rain. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of bio-briquette and its ash were investigated. And the acid soil was improved by the bio-briquette combustion ash, which contained nutritive substances such as P, N, K and had the acid-neutralizing capacity(ANC). The pH, EC, effective nutrient elements(Ca, Mg, K, P and N), heavy metal elements(AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn) and acid-neutralizing capacity change of ash-added soils within the range of 0-10%, were also studied. Specially, when 5% bio-briquette combustion ash was added to the tested soil, the content of the effective elements such as Ca, Mg and K rose by 100 times, ? times and twice, respectively. The total nitrogen also increased by about twice. The results showed the oxyanions such as that of AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn were not potentially dangerous, because they were about the same as the averages of them in Chinese soil. It is shown that the ANC became stronger, though the ANC hardly increases in the ash-added soil. On the basis of the evaluation indices, it is concluded that the best mixture ratio is to add 2.5%--8% of the bio-briquette combustion ash to the tested soil.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

锌精炼铅塔燃烧系统烟气温度模糊控制研究

针对锌精馏铅塔动态过程中的非线性、非最小相位特征、不稳定性、时滞和负荷干扰,基于模糊控制策略下给出了锌精馏铅塔燃烧系统新的控制方法.运用模糊控制系统对锌精馏铅塔的烟气温度进行仿真研究和实时控制结果表明,该研究所设计的模糊控制器能够克服许多干扰因素,产生了良好的控制效果.     

Variation of MCPA, metribuzine, methyltriazine-amine and glyphosate degradation, sorption, mineralization and leaching in different soil horizons

Pesticide mineralization and sorption were determined in 75 soil samples from 15 individually drilled holes through the vadose zone along a 28 km long transect of the Danish outwash plain. Mineralization of the phenoxyacetic acid herbicide MCPA was high both in topsoils and in most subsoils, while metribuzine and methyltriazine-amine was always low. Organic matter and soil pH was shown to be responsible for sorption of MCPA and metribuzine in the topsoils. The sorption of methyltriazine-amine in topsoil was positively correlated with clay and negatively correlated with the pH of the soil. Sorption of glyphosate was tested also high in the subsoils. One-dimensional MACRO modeling of the concentration of MCPA, metribuzine and methyltriazine-amine at 2 m depth calculated that the average concentration of MCPA and methyltriazine-amine in the groundwater was below the administrative limit of 0.1 μg/l in all tested profiles while metribuzine always exceeded the 0.1 μg/l threshold value.