Holling's Figure-Eight Model: A Technical Reevaluation in Relation to Climate Change and Biodiversity

Holling proposed a four-phase conceptual model of ecosystem dynamics that includes exploitation, conservation, and destructive and renewal components to explain the failure of many natural resource management schemes. The model is drawn as a sideways figure-eight i.e. . There are two dimensions in this model, connectivity (abscissa) and the amount of capital stored in the system (ordinate). This conceptual model has been suggested as a guide to thinking about the impact of climate change on biodiversity, but the two dimensions are insufficient and the alignment of the figure-eight model is problematic when compared with actual data. Kay has adjusted the dimensions of the figure-eight model and renamed the abscissa as exergy stored and the ordinate as exergy consumed. We realign the original figure-eight model, labeling the abscissa as carbon stored and the ordinate as nutrients, such that the relative values of both axes are in qualitative agreement with data from four different studies. This new alignment is then shown to fit relatively well with Holling's original labels. This revision of the figure-eight model brings Holling's model into agreement with observations and provides insight into the linkages between biodiversity and climate change.     

干污泥高维填埋的堆体边坡稳定性模拟与分析

污泥高维填埋可以解决污泥产量剧增与填埋用地紧张的矛盾,但污泥混合高维填埋的边坡稳定性需进一步考证.本文以抗压强度和抗剪强度均较强的含水率60%左右的干污泥为研究对象,采用GEO-SLOPE软件对污泥高维填埋堆体稳定性进行模拟分析,发现填埋放坡坡度越缓,堆体稳定性越强,所允许的最大填埋高度相应越高,库容增加量越大;填埋高度越高,堆体稳定性越差;以上海老港填埋场为例,填埋单元的最佳放坡坡度为1：3.5,相应的最大允许填埋高度为28m,库容增加量为447.2万m³.     

仿生超疏水表面在海洋腐蚀防护中的应用

在介绍超疏水表面相关理论的基础上,总结了现有仿生超疏水表面的制备方法及其海洋腐蚀防护机制研究,重点分析了超疏水表面在实际应用中面临的水下稳定性和机械稳定性两方面问题及相关对策,并对超疏水表面应用的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

再生水中阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构与水流运动的影响

为揭示再生水回灌农田所引入的阴离子表面活性剂对土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响,通过室内灌水入渗试验研究了再生水中阴离子表面活性剂浓度（0、0.001、0.01和0.1倍临界胶束浓度）、灌水频率（1d1次、2d1次、3d1次）、再生水-清水交替灌溉模式（纯再生水灌溉、再生水-清水交替灌溉）条件下受灌土壤容重、非毛管孔隙比、团聚体稳定性、土壤斥水性、地表入渗性能和入渗水流运动非均匀特征的变化规律.结果表明,随着再生水中的阴离子表面活性剂浓度的增大和灌溉频率的增大,受灌土壤容重减小、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性增大、土壤斥水性增强、地表入渗能力降低、优先流运动非均匀程度增大,从而也增大了农田灌水管理难度;当再生水-清水交替灌溉中的清水淋洗频率增大时,受灌土壤容重增大、非毛管孔隙比和土壤团聚体稳定性降低,但却降低了土壤的斥水性、增大了地表入渗能力并降低了土壤优先流运动的非均匀程度,有利于节省灌水时间、提高灌水效率.     

纳米生物炭的制备方法比较及其特性研究

本研究以常见农林废弃物—果木枝条、玉米秸秆和花生秸秆为原料,在350~550℃条件下热解制得五种本体生物炭;采用离心法、球磨法、球磨+离心法3种方法提取纳米生物炭,进而对本体生物炭和纳米生物炭的比表面积、元素含量、矿物组成和表面化学性质等进行比较,以探究物料来源、热解温度和制备方法对纳米生物炭性质及稳定性的影响.与本体生物炭相比,球磨法制得的纳米生物炭比表面积增大1.36~6.94倍,但产物未达到纳米颗粒级别,且在水体中稳定性较弱;球磨+离心法制得的纳米生物炭直径为70.06~103.43nm,在水体中稳定性强;离心法制备的纳米生物炭各项指标均不如其他两种方法.纳米生物炭的产率为2.27%~34.80%,且产率随温度的升高而降低.与本体生物炭相比,纳米生物炭含有更多的羟基等含氧官能团和更少的脂肪碳链.与果木枝条制备的纳米生物炭相比,玉米秸秆和花生秸秆来源的纳米生物炭产率高,但水稳性较差,易发生凝聚.果木枝条来源的纳米生物炭碳酸盐等碱性矿物含量丰富,且由于颗粒表面含氧官能团数量多而zeta电位绝对值高,悬液可以稳定分散.不同方法制备得到的纳米生物炭优缺点各异：球磨法制得的纳米生物炭比表面积更大;球磨+离心法制备的玉米和花生秸秆纳米生物炭的产率更高;低温热解果木炭提取的纳米生物炭水稳性更强.     

Interactions of sulfuric acid with common atmospheric bases and organic acids: Thermodynamics and implications to new particle formation

Interactions of the three common atmospheric bases, dimethylamine ((CH₃)₂NH), methylamine (CH₃NH₂), ammonia (NH₃), all considered to be efficient stabilizers of binary clusters in the Earth's atmosphere, with H₂SO₄, the key atmospheric precursor, and 14 common atmospheric organic acids (COAs) (formic, acetic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric acid, adipic, benzoic, phenylacetic, pyruvic, maleic acid, malic, tartaric and pinonic acids) have been studied using the density functional theory (DFT) and composite high-accuracy G3MP2 method. The thermodynamic stability of mixed (COA)(H₂SO₄), (COA)(B1), (COA)(B2) and (COA)(B3) dimers and (COA)(H₂SO₄)(B1), (COA)(H₂SO₄)(B2) and (COA)(H₂SO₄)(B3) trimers, where B1, B2 and B3 refer to (CH₃)₂NH, CH₃NH₂ and NH₃, respectively, have been investigated and their impacts on the thermodynamic stability of clusters containing H₂SO₄ have been studied. Our investigation shows that interactions of H₂SO₄ with COA, (CH₃)₂NH, CH₃NH₂ and NH₃ lead to the formation of more stable mixed dimers and trimers than (H₂SO₄)₂ and (H₂SO₄)₂(base), respectively, and emphasize the importance of common organic species for early stages of atmospheric nucleation. We also show that although amines are generally confirmed to be more active than NH₃ as stabilizers of binary clusters, in some cases mixed trimers containing NH₃ are more stable thermodynamically than those containing CH₃NH₂. This study indicates an important role of COA, which coexist and interact with that H₂SO₄ and common atmospheric bases in the Earth atmosphere, in formation of stable pre-nucleation clusters and suggests that the impacts of COA on new particle formation (NPF) should be studied in further details.     

降雨入渗对三峡库区堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响

基于三峡水库库水位调控方案和极端降雨情况,笔者利用有限元模拟库水位在175~145m波动和降雨时红石包滑坡Ⅲ的暂态渗流场,将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡的极限平衡分析,并考虑基吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。探讨降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响,并考虑暴雨与库水位骤降共同作用下滑坡的稳定性。研究表明:滑坡稳定性的影响受控于滑坡土的入渗能力和滑坡结构形态;当暴雨强度为300mm/d时,红石包滑坡Ⅲ的临界降速1m/d。其成果将为库区滑坡治理提供科学依据。     

多年冻土区铁路路基沉降变形研究与思考

根据青藏铁路路堤、路堑过渡带冻土路基分层沉降变形现场监测资料,笔者分析了路基变形的来源及机理。研究结果表明,路堑段,路基沉降变形主要来源于路基换填土层的固结变形;零填段,路基沉降变形主要来源于路基基底以下至原冻土上限之间活动层的压密变形;路堤段,路基沉降变形主要来源于高温-高含冰量冻土在较高附加应力作用下产生的压缩及蠕变变形,该变形在目前尚无明显衰减趋势,且相同时期各层沉降量明显比路堑段及零填段大,必须引起注意;最后从国内外研究现状讨论了系统开展高温-高含冰量冻土区路基变形研究的必要性和紧迫性。     

基于可靠度理论的路堤稳定安全性分析

笔者以可靠度理论为基础 ,考虑路堤土体的非线性特性。运用非线性有限元分析方法 ,与可靠度计算程序结合使用 ,得出应力水平、抗剪强度可靠指标的等值线图 ,从而分析路堤稳定的安全系数和可靠指标。并且提出通过降低c和 φ值的方法 ,得出路堤稳定的安全储备系数。实例结果表明 ,当高填方路堤的设计安全系数接近规范允许值时 ,通过笔者的分析方法可得到满意的结果。笔者的方法对高填方路堤的稳定安全性分析和路堤边坡设计具有重要参考价值。     

无机酸对硝酸铵热稳定性影响的研究

为了研究硫酸、盐酸两种无机酸对含能材料硝酸铵热稳定性的影响,使用绝热加速量热仪ARC和微量量热仪C80,对纯硝酸铵及硝酸铵和硫酸、盐酸的混合物进行了热分析实验并研究各种样品在恒温以及升温条件下的吸、放热特性。根据化学反应动力学和热力学理论,确定了硝酸铵及其与无机酸的混合物发生放热分解反应的反应动力学参数和热力学参数。基于Semenov热爆炸模型,计算并比较了各样品标准包装的自加速分解反应温度。