浅谈总磷排放标准的适用性

总磷是评价水质的重要指标,磷以多种形式存在,随着污水排放标准的不断更新,总磷标准的尺度不相一致。本文根据国家相关标准和规范,提出了能让已有标准内在联系更加完整和协调的建议,期待环境行政管理部门对废水中总磷排放标准做出更加明确合理的相关规定。     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱法内标元素选择的研究

电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)测定土壤标样中不同质量段的Cr、Cd、Pb元素,借以研究内标元素选择对测定值的影响。结果表明:选择内标元素,首要考虑因素是样品中不含该元素,而非质量数或第一电离能与待测元素接近;选择样品中含有成分作为内标元素时,对低浓度含量的元素影响更大;单一内标元素即可校正基体效应,实现对低、中、高质量段的多元素同时测定。对地质标样和未知样品,分别推荐了内标元素和选择内标元素的方法。     

标准化学引论

论述了标准化是自然和人类社会从无序到有序的发展规律,提出了标准是标准化的结果,是维系自然与社会有序的基础。对标准进行了重新定义,提出标准化、标准的若干特性及规律,其中包括标准化的依从性、标准的主导性、标准的系统性、标准的开放性、标准自我复制和重复性、标准的信息特征、标准的统一与简化、阻力、动力原理等特性的一些新的初始概念。     

Community Structure and Quality After 10 Years in Two Central Ohio Mitigation Bank Wetlands

We evaluate two 10-year-old mitigation bank wetlands in central Ohio, one created and one with restored and enhanced components, by analysis of vegetation characteristics and by comparison of the year-10 vegetation and macroinvertebrate communities with reference wetlands. To assess different measures of wetland development, we compare the prevalence of native hydrophytes with an index of floristic quality and we evaluate the predictability of these parameters in year 10, given 5 years of data. Results show that the mitigation wetlands in this study meet vegetation performance criteria of native hydrophyte establishment by year 5 and maintain these characteristics through year 10. Species richness and floristic quality, as well as vegetative similarity with reference wetlands, differ among mitigation wetlands in year 1 and also in their rate of change during the first 10 years. The prevalence of native hydrophytes is reasonably predictable by year 10, but 5 years of monitoring is not sufficient to predict future trends of floristic quality in either the created or restored wetland. By year 10, macroinvertebrate taxa richness does not statistically differ among these wetlands, but mitigation wetlands differ from reference sites by tolerance index and by trophic guild dominance. The created wetland herbivore biomass is significantly smaller than its reference, whereas detritivore biomass is significantly greater in the created wetland and smaller in the restored wetland as compared with respective reference wetlands. These analyses illustrate differences in measures of wetland performance and contrast the monitoring duration necessary for legal compliance with the duration required for development of more complex indicators of ecosystem integrity.     

区域化工危险评价研究

为提高区域企业安全监管的科学性和有效性,采用化工厂危险程度分级法对常州市武进区69家高危化工企业进行同一标准的危险评价,确定其固有危险指数和固有危险等级。运用样本均值和标准差变异系数分析企业整体危险的趋同性,认为69家企业整体危险程度不高,物量指数、工艺系数、设备系数、环境系数、厂房系数依次是监管的重点,应加大对安全设施的督查力度。运用单侧控制图分析了高危企业和单项指标的偏移性,认为有9家企业属于超控状态,应根据超控原因实施有针对性的重点监管;在安全设施系数上超控的企业数量最多,加强对安全设施的监督力度,企业受益面最大,安全效果最明显。     

Leachability of dissolved chromium in asphalt and concrete surfacing materials

Leachate metal pollutant concentrations produced from different asphalt and concrete pavement surfacing materials were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that, in general, the concentrations of most metal pollutants were below the reporting limits. However, dissolved chromium was detected in leachate from concrete (but not asphalt) specimens and more strongly in the early-time leachate samples. As the leaching continued, the concentration of Cr decreased to below or close to the reporting limit. The source of the chromium in concrete pavement was found to be cement. The concentration of total Cr produced from leachate of different cement coming from different sources that was purchased from retail distributors ranged from 124 to 641 μg/L. This result indicates that the potential leachability of dissolved Cr from concrete pavement materials can be reduced through source control. The results also showed that the leachability of dissolved Cr in hardened pavement materials was substantially reduced. For example, the concentration of dissolved Cr measured in actual highway runoff was found to be much lower than the Cr concentration produced from leachate of both open and dense graded concrete pavement specimens under controlled laboratory study. It was concluded that pavement materials are not the source of pollutants of concern in roadway runoff; rather most pollutants in roadway surface runoff are generated from other road-use or land-use sources, or from (wet or dry) atmospheric deposition.     

中国与世界银行对新建火电厂的环保要求对比分析

详细介绍了中国和世界银行对新建火电厂的不同环保要求,比较分析了电厂污染物排放中的大气（颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物）、工业废水和噪声的排放限值,对规划、新建火电厂的主要污染物控制具有参考意义。     

扬中市第二污水处理厂一期工程工艺设计

扬中市第二污水处理厂,一期工程设计规模为1．0×10^4m^3／d,主体采用厌氧水解＋改良SBR工艺,处理出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准〉（GB18918--2002）国家一级B类标准。文中主要介绍了该工程设计的工艺流程、构筑物组成和设计参数,总结分析了改良SBR工艺的技术特点和设计要点。     

基于模糊综合识别技术的粉尘危害评价应用研究

针对目前粉尘危害评价存在的不足,采用最优权法确定各评价指标的权系数,利用模糊识别技术对粉尘危害程度进行综合评价,初步建立了粉尘危害评价指标体系和评价分级标准.结合某矿山实例,对粉尘危害进行模糊综合评价.评价结果表明,模糊综合识别技术能够较好反应实际情况,是一种有效的评价方法,对粉尘防治工作具有一定的指导意义.     

经济、高效地处理城市小区的生活污水

以北京市云湖度假村生活污水处理工程为实例,介绍预曝调节+生化+生物过滤+消毒的污水综合处理技术。实践证明该技术具有经济、高效的特点,适合我国国情。