欧盟重金属污染防治制度研究

欧盟是一个由各成员国合作实施共同但又有差别化环境政策的区域,其重金属污染防治工作特色明显。总结分析了欧盟重金属污染防治的管理制度和相关经验,重点研究欧盟在水环境、大气环境、土壤环境以及固体废弃物等领域的重金属污染防治法律法规、标准体系,总结其经验,以期为中国重金属污染防治工作提供参考和借鉴。     

石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异

分别介绍了旧标准GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》、GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》和新标准GB 31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》的核心内容。从适用范围、排放限值和污染控制因子3个方面分析了石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异。     

微波消解-紫外法测定水中总氮与国标方法的比较研究

将微波消解-紫外法测定总氮从方法检出限、校准曲线、精密度和准确度、实际样品测定4个方面与国标紫外法作了比较研究,进行了消解时间比对实验,说明了微波消解-紫外法测定总氮的注意事项。结果表明,微波消解-紫外法检出限为0.115 mg/L,高于国标紫外法;校准曲线具有较好线性相关系数,斜率与国标紫外法一致;方法精密性和准确性较好,实际样品测定结果与紫外法保持一致,在总氮监测中具有可行性。微波消解-紫外法节省了总氮监测的整个用时。     

海水中石油类国标分析方法存在的问题及改进建议

当前海水石油类分析三种国标方法存在代表性和适用性不足的问题,不同方法的数据间缺乏可比性,给政府和民众控制水体污染、评价水质状况带来偏差和不便。建议国家相关部门修订海水石油类分析方法,将水质石油类分析国标方法统一为红外分光光度法。通过海水样品加标实验验证了该方法的可行性,实际操作简便、准确。     

Calibration Catchment Selection for Flood Regionalization Modeling1

Wan Jaafar, Wan Zurina, and Dawei Han, 2012. Calibration Catchment Selection for Flood Regionalization Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 698‐706. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00648.x Abstract: There are two unsolved problems in flood regionalization model development related to the quantity and quality of calibration catchments: (1) how many calibration catchments should be used? and (2) how to select the calibration catchments? This study explores these two questions through a case study on the median annual maximum flood (QMED) model in the United Kingdom. It has been found that the chance of developing a good QMED model decreases significantly when the number of calibration catchments drops below a critical number (e.g., 60 in the case study). However, no significant improvement is achieved if the number of calibration catchments is above it. This number could be used as a benchmark for choosing randomly selected calibration catchments. Across a broad range of calibration catchment numbers, there are good and poor calibrated models regardless of calibration catchment numbers. High quality models could be developed from a small number of calibration catchments and also poor models from a large number of calibration catchments. This indicates that the number of calibration catchments may not be the dominating factor for developing a high quality regionalization model. Instead, the information content could be more important. The study has demonstrated that the standard deviation values between the best and poorest groups are distinctive and could be used in choosing appropriate calibration catchments.     

Brassinosteroid alleviates phenanthrene and pyrene phytotoxicity by increasing detoxification activity and photosynthesis in tomato

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (BR) on growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of tomato seedlings grown under different levels (0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 μM) of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in hydroponics. A concentration-dependent decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) has been observed following PHE and PYR exposure. By contrast, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was increased. PHE was found to induce higher stress than PYR. However, foliar or root application of BR (50 nM and 5 nM, respectively) alleviated all those depressions with a sharp improvement in the activity of photosynthetic machinery. The activities of guaicol peroxidase (GPOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in a dose-dependent manner under PHE or PYR treatments. Compared with control the highest increments of GPOD, CAT, APX, GR and MDA by PHE/PYR alone treatments were observed following 300 μM concentration, which were 67%, 87%, 53%, 95% and 74% by PHE and 42%, 53%, 30%, 86% and 62% by PYR, respectively. In addition, both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were induced by PHE or PYR. Interestingly, BR application in either form further increased enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in tomato roots treated with PHE or PYR. Our results suggest that BR has an anti-stress effect on tomato seedlings contaminated with PHE or PYR and this effect is mainly attributed by increased detoxification activity.     

车用复合材料储氢气瓶火烧试验方法标准对比研究

为了明确现有车用复合材料储氢气瓶火烧试验方法有待进一步研究的问题,介绍国内外车用复合材料储氢气瓶的技术规范与标准中的火烧试验方法,采用对比分析的方法,从试验形式、火源设置、温度测量要求、安全防护要求、试验温度要求、试验结果及合格指标等方面,分析各标准中车用复合材料储氢气瓶火烧试验方法的异同.结果 表明:国内外标准在车用...     

潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿标准研究

兴修大中型水利水电工程不可避免地要征收大量农田,造成大量移民非自愿性搬迁.我国实行开发性移民的方针,强调农村移民主要采取农业安置的策略.然而,移民的迁入势必会对安置区居民的土地权益带来负面的影响.因此,根据"卡尔多-希克斯"社会福利改进标准,要实现安置区土地向移民转移过程的社会福利改进,需要对利益受损的安置区集体和居民给予相应的补偿以弥补其福利损失.本文以湖北省竹山县潘口水电站为例,在对竹山县溢水镇、宝丰镇两个乡(镇)5个移民安置点的73户安置区居民进行问卷调查的基础上,运用条件价值法(CVM)对安置区土地流转的补偿标准进行了实证研究,研究结果表明:潘口水电站移民安置区土地流转补偿执行标准均未达到农地实际价值的一半,水田的补偿程度为49.54%.旱地的补偿程度为为44.54%,安置区集体和居民没有获得充分的补偿,因此,需要提高安置区土地流转补偿标准,使安置区居民也能和移民一样地分享到水利水电工程带来的增值收益.     

基于水足迹的区域生态补偿标准及时空格局研究

水资源是一种公共物品,其效益外部性使得水资源保护与开发利用成本应由相关的若干区域共同承担,因此,建立合理的区域生态补偿标准模型及区域内外共同补偿机制是当前生态经济领域的研究前沿。通过构建水足迹与生态补偿标准模型,对江西省及11地市水足迹与水生态补偿标准进行了估算。主要结果如下:2000~2013年,江西省总生产水足迹呈现先下降后增长的趋势,粮食、水产品、猪肉生产所占比重较大,水盈余呈波动下降趋势。11地市生产水足迹与水足迹效率呈上升趋势,除南昌市出现水赤字要支付生态补偿资金外,其余各市均有水盈余,应获得生态补偿资金。2000~2013年江西省水盈余共需补偿1 805.76亿元,平均每年128.98亿元。赣南的赣州市、赣中的吉安市、赣东北的上饶市、赣东的抚州市获得补偿额较高,将优先获得区域内外生态补偿额度。该研究结果可为生态文明先行示范区与区域生态补偿机制建立提供一定的科学依据。     

应对气候变化的碳足迹研究综述

由温室气体引起的全球变暖问题已引起国际社会的普遍关注,随着全球变暖成为社会关注的热点,碳足迹成为一个新的研究方法并迅速得到学术界的认可。本文从碳足迹的起源和各种定义入手,系统阐述了碳足迹的概念,并从不同角度探讨了碳足迹的各种分类。本文重点介绍了碳足迹的计算方法,主要包括投入产出分析方法、生命周期评价法、IPCC计算方法和碳足迹计算器等四大类,并总结和比较了四种方法的优缺点。在此基础上,对国内外相关研究系统地进行了归纳和总结,客观分析和评价了当前碳足迹的研究现状和存在的问题。本文还介绍了目前国际上四个主要的碳足迹评估标准:英国的PAS2050:2008标准、世界可持续发展商业协会和世界资源研究院共同发起制定的GHG议定书、日本的标准仕样书TS Q0010标准和ISO14067标准,并以GHG议定书和PAS2050两个标准为例分析了进行碳足迹评估的重要前提———边界界定问题。最后对碳足迹研究的重点领域和发展方向进行了展望。