Long-term forest-floor litter dynamics in Canada's boreal forest: Comparison of two model formulations

Litter decomposition is a key component in ecosystem material cycling that determines (i) forest soil carbon (C) and nutrient content, (ii) release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and (iii) generation and mass transfer of dissolved organic carbon from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we provide simulations of long term forest-floor litter dynamics generated with both (i) an existing forest nutrient cycling and biomass growth model (ForNBM) with a single-pool formulation of forest-floor litter decomposition (Zhu et al., 2003. Ecol. Model. 169, 347-360), and (ii) a revised version of the model produced by substituting the single-pool formulation with a three-pool version of the formulation tested against data from litterbag experiments (FLDM; Zhang et al., 2010. Ecol. Model. 221, 1944-1953). This is done to determine the importance of subdividing the litter mass into categories of rates of decay (i.e., fast, slow, and very slow) on model accuracy. Forest-forest litter dynamics simulated with the two models are subsequently compared against field measurements collected at several northern jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands along a southwest-northeast oriented transect (climate gradient) associated with the Boreal Forest Transect Case Study in northwest Canada. Initial comparison shows that the single-pool formulation underpredicts residual litter mass when forests are <65 years old, largely due to the improper treatment of the very slow decomposing litter component. This underprediction is resolved when the three-pool formulation is used. From a ecosystems-response point of view, the revised ForNBM (with the three-pool formulation) demonstrates that (i) forest-floor litter initially increases with forest growth and reaches a plateau once the forest matures; (ii) the forest floor stores more litter and C at the southern and warmer sites than at the northern sites; and (iii) in a similar climate regime, the forest floor stores more litter and C at productive than at nutrient-poor sites.     

Range‐Wide Genetic Connectivity of the Hawaiian Monk Seal and Implications for Translocation

Abstract: The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is one of the most critically endangered marine mammals. Less than 1200 individuals remain, and the species is declining at a rate of approximately 4% per year as a result of juvenile starvation, shark predation, and entanglement in marine debris. Some of these problems may be alleviated by translocation; however, if island breeding aggregates are effectively isolated subpopulations, moving individuals may disrupt local adaptations. In these circumstances, managers must balance the pragmatic need of increasing survival with theoretical concerns about genetic viability. To assess range‐wide population structure of the Hawaiian monk seal, we examined an unprecedented, near‐complete genetic inventory of the species (n =1897 seals, sampled over 14 years) at 18 microsatellite loci. Genetic variation was not spatially partitioned (_w=?0.03, p = 1.0), and a Bayesian clustering method provided evidence of one panmictic population (K =1). Pairwise F_ST comparisons (among 7 island aggregates over 14 annual cohorts) did not reveal temporally stable, spatial reproductive isolation. Our results coupled with long‐term tag‐resight data confirm seal movement and gene flow throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago. Thus, human‐mediated translocation of seals among locations is not likely to result in genetic incompatibilities.     

长期撂荒恢复土壤团聚体组成与有机碳分布关系

为探究撂荒地恢复过程土壤团聚体组成结构及其对土壤碳库累积的影响,本研究选取陕北黄土丘陵区恢复10、 17、 27和42 a撂荒草地为研究对象,以坡耕地FL作为对照,分析不同年限撂荒草地以及耕地土壤(0～20 cm)与(20～40 cm)土层团聚体粒径分布、土壤全土有机碳储量以及团聚体有机碳储量动态特征,从而探究撂荒地土壤团聚体与有机碳之间的相互关联性.结果表明:①耕地恢复为撂荒草地后,土壤大团聚体(2 mm)和中团聚体(2～0.25 mm)数量、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter, MWD)和几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)随着撂荒年限显著上升,而土壤微团聚体(0.25～0.053 mm)数量显著下降(P0.05).土壤大团聚体数量、平均重量直径和几何平均直径在层次之间差异显著,表现为0～20 cm显著高于20～40 cm.②经过长期撂荒恢复后,土壤总有机碳储量、大团聚体有机碳储量以及中团聚体有机碳储量显著上升(P0.05),分别上升了1.92、 10.2和3.61倍,而微团聚体有机碳储量显著下降.撂荒恢复促使土壤碳氮化学计量比升高,但在42 a时出现了显著下降趋势.③土壤团聚体对于总有机碳储量的贡献率有80%来自大团聚体,且大团聚体数量随着恢复年限显著增加是大团聚体贡献率高的主要原因.总体而言,撂荒恢复过程中,微团聚体数量持续下降,而大团聚体数量显著增加并促进了土壤有机碳的累积.     

基于累积退化量的电子部件SSADT可靠性评估

为快速评估新型弹药中电子部件的储存可靠性,提出了使用步进应力加速退化试验（SSADT）的方法。首先给出了电子部件SSADT方案,接着提出了基于累积退化量的电子部件SSADT可靠性评估的基本假设,然后详细分析了基于累积退化量的电子部件SSADT可靠性评估思路和方法。该方法实现了＂零失效＂情况下弹药电子部件的储存可靠性评估。     

中大口径弹药表面防腐控制

随着外贸155弹药的研制、开发及订货,为适应恶劣的海运及储存条件,对弹药的防腐提出了更高的要求。为此,在弹药的设计、加工制造、表面防护处理及包装等方面采取了相应的防腐控制措施,使大口径弹药的整体防护水平有了大幅度的提高。     

基于改进灰色关联度的弹药航空适运性评价指标体系构建

针对弹药航空运输适运性评价的问题,首先分析弹药航空运输的特点和航空适运性影响因素,建立初始评价指标体系;然后,采用改进灰色关联度模型对弹药航空适运性初始评价指标体系进行优化,经过灰色关联分析,剔除与适运性评价目标关联不强的指标,采用德尔菲法对指标优劣排序进行调整,并利用相关性分析法去掉相关性较强的指标。得到优化的弹药航空适运性评价指标体系,兼顾了指标的主观性和客观性。最后,通过实例验证了模型的有效性和实用性。     

地表水净化过程中生产废水处理工艺参数的调整

石家庄市第八水厂采用常规净水处理工艺 ,设计规模为 30万m3 d,总生产废水为 1 0 6万m3 d ,运行中发现废水处理系统中的调节池出现大量存泥 ,既影响自身的调节功能 ,又影响整个系统的正常运行 ,本研究介绍了调整调节池中潜水泵的启停液位的解决方法 ,避免了人工停产清淤 ,使系统连续运行 ,节约了费用 ,目前 ,整个系统运行状态良好     

Methodological issues in forestry mitigation projects: a case study of Kolar district

There is a need to assess climate change mitigation opportunities in forest sector in India in the context of methodological issues such as additionality, permanence, leakage and baseline development in formulating forestry mitigation projects. A case study of forestry mitigation project in semi-arid community grazing lands and farmlands in Kolar district of Karnataka, was undertaken with regard to baseline and project scenario development, estimation of carbon stock change in the project, leakage estimation and assessment of cost-effectiveness of mitigation projects. Further, the transaction costs to develop project, and environmental and socio-economic impact of mitigation project was assessed. The study shows the feasibility of establishing baselines and project C-stock changes. Since the area has low or insignificant biomass, leakage is not an issue. The overall mitigation potential in Kolar for a total area of 14,000 ha under various mitigation options is 278,380 t C at a rate of 20 t C/ha for the period 2005–2035, which is approximately 0.67 t C/ha/year inclusive of harvest regimes under short rotation and long rotation mitigation options. The transaction cost for baseline establishment is less than a rupee/t C and for project scenario development is about Rs. 1.5–3.75/t C. The project enhances biodiversity and the socio-economic impact is also significant.

某弹药库房防雷设计方案

针对弹药库房危险性高、易受雷击等特点,笔者通过实地勘测,合理计算,科学地设计了直击雷、感应雷、雷电波侵入、静电等防护措施,并制定了具体的实施方案,对仓库的安全工作有一定的技术指导和借鉴作用。     

制导弹药火工品单应力水平加速寿命试验研究

准确判定火工品的剩余寿命,对制导弹药维修工作至关重要。从制导弹药储存的实际情况出发,阐述了适时对火工品实施加速寿命试验的必要性,分析了加速寿命试验中的加速应力、寿命分布、加速系数、应力水平和试验时间,最后结合火工品具有一定储存期和试验为单一应力水平的特点,从不同角度对试验数据处理进行了探讨,从而得出了更为准确的试验结果。