石化企业固定顶储罐挥发性有机物排放量影响因素的分析

采用美国国家环保局推荐的储罐挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量定量计算方法,以北京某石化企业轻柴油固定顶储罐为案例对象,计算了固定顶储罐的总损失。通过对不同参数进行调节,比较分析了各变量对损失量的影响程度,得出了影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失和工作损失的关键参数和次要参数。并在此基础上,提出了降低固定顶储罐VOCs排放量的对应措施。实验结果表明:影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和液体存储高度,次要参数为日环境温差和罐漆太阳能吸收率;影响工作损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和年净周转量。     

Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems

The built environment has been a significant cause of environmental degradation in the previously undeveloped landscape. As public and private interest in restoring the environmental integrity of urban areas continues to increase, new construction practices are being developed that explicitly value beneficial environmental characteristics. The use of vegetation on a rooftop--commonly called a green roof--as an alternative to traditional roofing materials is an increasingly utilized example of such practices. The vegetation and growing media perform a number of functions that improve environmental performance, including: absorption of rainfall, reduction of roof temperatures, improvement in ambient air quality, and provision of urban habitat. A better accounting of the green roof's total costs and benefits to society and to the private sector will aid in the design of policy instruments and educational materials that affect individual decisions about green roof construction. This study uses data collected from an experimental green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost would make the social NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Considering the positive social benefits and relatively novel nature of the practice, incentives encouraging the use of this practice in highly urbanized watersheds are strongly recommended.     

基于基本顶断裂位置分析剩余煤柱稳定性

为简化支承应力表达式及全面分析煤柱稳定性,基于基本顶断裂位置建立工作面剩余煤柱载荷力学模型,将指数函数型支承应力曲线简化为与其拟合的幂函数抛物线,推导出剩余煤柱载荷及极限宽度B表达式。计算得出312工作面基本顶断裂位置与非开采帮塑性区边缘距离d为8.6～11.5 m,B为8.06～8.85 m。研究结果表明：随着d增加,煤柱载荷及B均逐渐增大;B随煤层黏聚力与内摩擦角的增加而减小,随煤层埋深、应力集中系数、侧压力系数、煤层厚度及工作面采高的增加而增大。研究结果有助于更加全面地分析煤柱稳定性,为工程实践提供一定理论指导。     

采空区处理方法研究进展

采空区处理问题一直是国内外普遍存在的采矿技术难题。简要综述"崩"、"充"、"撑"、"封"等4类基本的采空区处理方法和4种简单联合法。认为联合法是一类最有发展前景的采空区处理方法。专门阐述几种采空区处理的新方法。提出采空区处理方法的发展方向:切合实际、经济简便、技术可行,能定量设计与分析,能消除冲击地压,能控制开采地压,能智能选择,其发展应以围岩应力和变形仿真为核心。     

温度和盐度分层流的二维应力-通量代数湍流模型

以Navier Stokes方程和应力 通量代数湍流模型为基础,建立了温度和盐度分层流的应力 通量代数模型,模型不仅在控制方程中计及密度变化,而且在应力和通量的代数关系中含有浮力项,从而自动地计及浮力对紊动的影响.另外紊动平均量控制方程中的紊动项是由应力 通量模型计算,较好地体现了湍流各向异性的特征.为验证模型的正确性,对同时存在温度和盐度梯度的密度分层流进行了数值模拟计算,结果正确地反映了分层及紊动各向异性的特征,与实测结果吻合较好.     

北京城区屋面径流中PAHs的初期冲刷效应

为研究北京城区典型屋面径流中PAHs的污染特征,采集并分析了3种材料屋面的径流中颗粒相和溶解相PAHs的浓度.在分析屋面径流中PAHs初期冲刷效应的基础上,提出了描述初期冲刷的定量参数FFn-Max,据此探讨了降雨特征对屋面径流中PAHs初期冲刷效应的影响.结果表明,屋面径流中总PAHs和颗粒相PAHs均存在明显的初期...     

浅析大型浮顶油罐雷击火灾的原因及处置

通过浮顶油罐密封结构优缺点的分析,找出浮顶油罐油气存在的空间及形成爆炸燃烧的原因,并结合实际提出了改进措施及浮顶油罐的火灾处置方法。     

三种不同屋面雨水径流重金属污染特性及影响因素分析

对南京市3种不同类型屋面的雨水径流中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属进行14场次降雨事件的现场取样监测,分析了重金属污染的出流规律,并用统计分析方法对屋面径流重金属含量及其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,屋面径流4种重金属事件平均浓度(EMC值)具有较好的正态分布性,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的EMC中值浓度分别为19.4...     

Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir

This article aims to describe the influence of diffuse pollution on the temporal and spatial characteristics of natural organic matter (NOM) in a stratified dam reservoir, the Daecheong Dam, on the basis of intensive observation results and the dynamic water quality simulation using CE-QUAL-W2. Turbidity is regarded as a comprehensive representation of allochothonous organic matter from diffuse sources in storm season because the turbidity concentration showed reasonable significance in a statistical correlation with the UV absorbance at 254 nm and total phosphorus. CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results showed good consistency with the observed data in terms of dissolved organic matter (DOM) including refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) and labile DOC and also well explained the internal movement of constituents and stratification phenomenon in the reservoir. Instead turbidity and NOM were related well in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually as changing to dissolved form of organic matter, RDOM affected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity. To control the increase of soluble organic matters in the dam reservoir, appropriate dam water discharge gate operation provided effective measurement. Because of the gate operation let avoid the accumulation of organic matter within a dam reservoir by shorten of turbid regime retention time.