典型体育场屋盖风荷载特性的风洞试验研究

对某一具有代表性的大型体育场刚性模型进行了表面测压风洞试验,介绍了试验所采用的主要技术参数和基本的数据处理方法,分析了结构典型测点在不同风向角下的风压变化规律,给出了该体育场屋盖上的对应于50年和100年重现期的10min平均风压值及前10个最小极值风压值。分析表明:风压系数平均值分布规律明显,能体现屋盖上流场分布的情况;均方根值能在一定程度上反映出气流分离和旋涡脱落情况。典型体育场屋盖上表面主要分布负压,其中迎风边缘及突出部位较大,低凹处及尾流区域较小;屋盖下表面在迎风的钝体边缘有较大区域正压出现,背风处分布有不大的均匀负压。     

石化企业固定顶储罐挥发性有机物排放量影响因素的分析

采用美国国家环保局推荐的储罐挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放量定量计算方法,以北京某石化企业轻柴油固定顶储罐为案例对象,计算了固定顶储罐的总损失。通过对不同参数进行调节,比较分析了各变量对损失量的影响程度,得出了影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失和工作损失的关键参数和次要参数。并在此基础上,提出了降低固定顶储罐VOCs排放量的对应措施。实验结果表明:影响固定顶储罐静置储藏损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和液体存储高度,次要参数为日环境温差和罐漆太阳能吸收率;影响工作损失的关键参数为油品蒸气相对分子质量、日平均液体表面温度和年净周转量。     

Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems

The built environment has been a significant cause of environmental degradation in the previously undeveloped landscape. As public and private interest in restoring the environmental integrity of urban areas continues to increase, new construction practices are being developed that explicitly value beneficial environmental characteristics. The use of vegetation on a rooftop--commonly called a green roof--as an alternative to traditional roofing materials is an increasingly utilized example of such practices. The vegetation and growing media perform a number of functions that improve environmental performance, including: absorption of rainfall, reduction of roof temperatures, improvement in ambient air quality, and provision of urban habitat. A better accounting of the green roof's total costs and benefits to society and to the private sector will aid in the design of policy instruments and educational materials that affect individual decisions about green roof construction. This study uses data collected from an experimental green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost would make the social NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Considering the positive social benefits and relatively novel nature of the practice, incentives encouraging the use of this practice in highly urbanized watersheds are strongly recommended.     

Greenery on residential buildings: Does it affect preferences and perceptions of beauty?

Recently there has been a surge in the number of green roofs and façades (vegetation on the roofs & walls of a building) installed in the UK, with advocation of their use by policy-makers and claims that they are aesthetically pleasing and promote restoration. But these claims rely on generalisations from different landscapes, raising concerns about validity. The present study examined whether houses with vegetation would be more preferred than those without, be perceived as more beautiful and restorative, and have a more positive affective quality. Differences between types of building-integrated vegetation were also examined. Two studies were conducted: an online survey in which participants (N = 188) rated photographs of houses with and without vegetation on each of these measures, and interviews (N = 8) which examined preference and installation concerns. Results showed that houses with (some types of) building-integrated vegetation were significantly more preferred, beautiful, restorative, and had a more positive affective quality than those without. The ivy façade and meadow roof rated highest on each. These findings are consistent with other areas of landscape research and the claims of those in the industry, and suggest that building-integrated vegetation would be a valuable addition to the urban environment.     

大空间中庭内热分层环境下环境温度对烟气上升高度的影响

根据稳定线性热分层环境下羽流积分控制方程,分析了温度因素对羽流中性浮力点高度和羽流最大上升高度的影响,在大空间实验室开展了一系列实验,采集环境温度,计算竖向温度梯度,利用摄像机拍摄并记录烟气层上升高度,通过实验数据对理论分析结果进行了验证。     

北京市中心城区屋面径流污染特征及来源分析

以北京市中心城区屋面径流为研究对象,对2019年6～9月期间7场降雨事件中屋面径流及附近降雨水质情况开展监测,分析了屋面径流及降雨水质特征、径流初始冲刷效应、径流污染物浓度影响因素及其来源特征.结果表明,北京市中心城区屋面径流中总氮、氨氮、化学需氧量和悬浮物污染较为严重,降雨事件径流平均浓度(EMC)均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅴ类标准限值[悬浮物超过《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级排放标准];降雨水质相对较好,但氨氮和总氮也存在超标情况.屋面径流中各污染物初始冲刷强度以中等和微弱为主,由大到小排序依次为：氨氮>悬浮物>化学需氧量>总氮>汞>锌>总磷>铅.屋面径流中悬浮物、化学需氧量、总磷浓度水平与干燥期长度呈显著正相关,与降雨强度呈显著负相关.结合主成分分析结果可知,降雨中的主要污染物为交通运输来源的氮类污染物,屋面径流中的主要污染物则为屋面材料老化和金属雨落管锈蚀释放的悬浮物、有机物和磷类污染物.     

水生生物基准推导中物种选择方法研究

运用Mann-Whitney U检验法对不同生物分类群内的物种对氨氮的毒性敏感性进行分析和统计检验,并基于毒理学、生物分类学,从抽样-推断的角度对物种选择进行讨论,并对物种选择与基准推导方法的关系进行梳理.结果发现,物种毒性数据中脊椎动物占绝大部分,尤其是辐鳍纲,与真实生态系统中物种类群结构不符;大部分不同分类群间物种对氨氮的敏感性差异显著,随着物种分类阶元级别降低,大部分分类群内物种的差异逐渐减小,个别分类群内物种的敏感性未呈现相似的规律,尤其是相对不敏感的物种;总体上,能在一定程度上说明同一分类群内的生物有相对接近的敏感性.由抽样-推断理论与方法可知,基准推导属于基于抽样设计的统计推断,因此,可以将生物分类类群作为物种选择的辅助变量,依据水生态系统中物种组成,运用分层随机抽样技术进行物种选择,以提高抽样效率和精度.     

不同屋面类型径流污染特征研究

了解不同屋面类型对径流污染特征的影响,对控制城市非点源污染具有重要意义.选取不同材质、不同形状和老化程度的典型屋面,采用事件平均浓度（EMC）和M（V）曲线判识方法,对不同屋面类型降雨径流污染浓度、污染负荷和初期冲刷效应进行分析.结果表明,油毡屋面径流污染物平均浓度大于彩钢屋面;老化材料径流污染物平均浓度大于未老化屋面,未老化油毡屋面降雨冲刷效应更为明显;尖形顶屋面相比弓形顶屋面初期冲刷效应更为明显.     

煤矿顶板事故不安全动作分析及预防

煤矿顶板事故多发,但由于不易造成群死群伤的重特大事故而得不到人们足够的重视,因此有必要对顶板事故原因进行分析并提出对策。基于行为安全"2-4"模型,分析了50起典型煤矿顶板事故的不安全动作,得到需要重点预防的不安全动作为违章指挥、未检查工作环境、空顶作业、安全监察工作不到位、支护质量差。将煤矿工作人员分类后分析得出,对事故影响最大的人员类别是现场指挥人员和一线员工,煤矿需对此二类人员进行重点培训。煤矿首先应纠正员工的不安全动作,培养其安全动作习惯,其次通过安全文化的宣贯和安全管理体系的完善,加强管理监督,组织循环安全培训,丰富工作人员的安全知识、提高工作人员的安全意识、培养员工安全的工作习惯,逐步使其从认识上改变工作作风,杜绝不安全动作的发出。     

综放俯采支架选型及坚硬顶板垮落规律研究

坚硬顶板垮落对采场液压支架具有一定的冲击作用。为了研究河北冀中能源股份有限公司葛泉矿东井1197工作面综放俯采大青灰岩顶板垮落规律和控制,对综放俯采四柱支架进行了力学分析,结果表明：四柱支架后柱容易处于受拉状态,不利于综放俯采的顶板控制,两柱支架更为合适。利用YTJ20型岩层探测记录仪对大青灰岩顶板的节理裂隙情况进行了观测,观测结果显示：顶板裂隙比较发育。现场实测的采场液压支架工作阻力表明,选用的ZF3200/26/16两柱支撑掩护式支架合适。且大青灰岩比较坚硬,但能随采随冒,悬顶几乎不存在,无需进行顶板处理。