Numerical Simulation of Interaction of the Heavy Gas Cloud with the Atmospheric Surface Layer

The numerical time-dependent three-dimensional model [Kovalets, I.V. and Maderich, V.S.: 2001, Int. J. Fluid Mech. Res. 30, 410–429] of the heavy gas dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer has been improved by parameterizing momentum and heat fluxes on the surface of Earth using Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. Three parameterizations of heat exchange with the surface of Earth were considered: (A) formula of Yaglom A.M. and Kader B.A. [1974, J. Fluid Mech. 62, 601–623] for forced convection, (B) interpolation formula for mixed convection and (C) similarity relationship for mixed convection [Kader, B.A. and Yaglom, A.M.: 1990, J. Fluid Mech. 212, 637–662]. Two case studies were considered. In the first study based on experiment of Zhu et al., J. Hazard Mater 62, 161–186], the interaction of an isothermal heavy gas plume with an atmospheric surface layer was simulated. It was found that stable stratification in the cloud essentially suppresses the turbulence in the plume, reducing the turbulent momentum flux by a factor of down to 1/5 in comparison with the undisturbed value. This reduction essentially influences velocities in the atmospheric boundary layer above the cloud, increasing the mean velocity by a factor of up to 1.3 in comparison with the undisturbed value. A simulation of cold heavy gas dispersion was carried out in the second case based on field experiment BURRO 8. It was shown that both forced and free convections under moderate wind speeds significantly influence the plume. The relative rms and bias errors of prediction the plume’s height were σ_H ≈ 30% and ɛ_H = − 10%, respectively, for parameterization B, while for A and C the errors were σ_H ≈ 80% and ɛ_H ≈ − 65%. It is therefore advised to use the simple parameterization B in dense gas dispersion models.     

A review of adaptive cluster sampling: 1990–2003

Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) is an adaptive sampling scheme which operates under the rule that when the observed value of an initially selected sampling unit satisfies some condition of interest, C, other additional units in some pre-defined accompanying neighborhood are also added to the sample. In turn, if any of these additional units satisfy C, then their corresponding unit neighborhoods are added to the sample as well, and so on. This process stops when no additional units satisfying C are encountered. This paper will provide a review of the major developments and issues in ACS since its introduction by Thompson (1990) [Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85, 1050–1059].     

广州市不同环境屋顶自然生长的植物多样性分析

通过对广州市不同环境屋顶自然生长的植物进行广泛调查，共记录到维管植物49科109属128种，其中，在污染严重、中等和轻微的环境分别记录到21种、73种和111种。结果表明，植物种类的数量与环境受污染程度成反比，而与周围植物的多少成正比。对植物形态学及生态生物学特征的分析结果表明，屋顶自然生长的植物与地上自然生长的植物相比，植株较矮小，叶片较小，根系较发达，根冠比较大，这是屋顶植物长期适应屋顶特殊环境的结果。通过调查及分析，推荐12种有较好屋顶绿化潜力的植物。     

On Disturbances Introduced by Impulse Source into Stratified Two-Component Media

The paper considers the problem concerning the response of a stably stratified two-component medium (salt water, moist air) in the presence of a stationary source of vertical impulse. For a homogeneous vertical distribution of the impulse source (i.e., the applied vertical force), due to the symmetry of the problem, one succeeded in finding the explicit analytical solution of the stationary problem for arbitrary source amplitude. The solution is expressed through Kelvin’s cylindrical functions and represents the stationary vertical jet. The two-component character of the medium can influence substantially the quality of the properties of the solution. In particular, the jet parameters are not defined uniquely by the buoyancy frequency (density stratification). In the solution, the stratifications of the two hydrodynamic components have the distinctive influences that are defined by values of corresponding exchange coefficients. For example, in salt water the solution dependence on salinity stratification may be much more than on temperature stratification.     

中国城市NOx排放的时空特征与驱动因素:基于空间分异视角

空气质量的改善是当前中国社会经济转型及实现绿色可持续发展的重要目标之一.基于中国268个城市2007-2016年的氮氧化物（Nitrogen Oxide Emissions，NO_x）排放量数据，首先利用自然正交函数（Empirical Orthogonal Function，EOF）分析了268个城市NO_x排放的时空演变特征，然后采用一种新的空间分异性分析方法"地理探测器"从空间异质性视角探讨了NO_x排放的社会经济驱动因素.结果表明：①EOF第一模态特征向量的高值出现在京津冀地区、山东半岛的淄博、潍坊、济宁和临沂，以及长三角的上海、无锡、南京、苏州和杭州；低值则集中在西南的云贵地区、东南的广东、福建及西北的宁夏.②年尺度上NO_x排放的时间系数变化大致呈现先降后升再降的非线性波动.③因子探测分析结果显示，民用汽车总量对NO_x排放分布的影响最大，其次是城市人口和工业总产值.不同风险因子的交互作用均大于单因子的作用，其中，城市人口与人均GDP因子之间的交互作用强度最大，工业总产值与民用汽车总量的交互作用强度次之，人均GDP与城市建设用地面积的交互作用强度排第3.④风险区探测结果显示，社会经济驱动因子中的城市人口、人均GDP、工业总产值、城市建设用地面积、全社会用电量和民用汽车总量均与NO_x排放呈正相关.京津冀、山东半岛和长三角等发达城市为NO_x排放的高风险区，是社会经济驱动因素的多个风险因子共同作用的结果.     

不同水体分层对沉积物间隙水氮素垂向分布影响:以三峡水库和小湾水库为例

为分析不同分层水库沉积物间隙水氮营养盐垂向分布差异的原因,通过监测香溪河库湾、长江干流和小湾水库3种水域上覆水-间隙水环境特征,分析了不同分层水域沉积物间隙水氮营养盐垂向分布特征,并探讨了造成3种水域沉积物间隙水氮营养盐分布差异的原因.结果表明:①长江干流与香溪河库湾沉积物间隙水ρ(TN)随深度逐渐升高,而小湾水库ρ(TN)在12 cm处达到最大,底层呈"C"型分布;长江干流和香溪河库湾沉积物间隙水ρ(NH~+_4)随深度呈升高趋势,小湾水库底层含量略高于表层,整体上无显著变化,且长江干流与香溪河库湾ρ(NH~+_4)整体上高于小湾水库,浓度变化范围分别为:0.512～8.289、 0.968～9.307和0.950～1.500mg·L~(-1); 3个水域沉积物间隙水ρ(NO~-_3)垂向分布特征均与ρ(NH~+_4)相反,且香溪河库湾与长江干流ρ(NO~-_3)高于小湾水库,浓度变化范围分别为:0.143～0.674、 0.107～0.647和0.050～0.051mg·L~(-1);②3种水体理化指标垂向分布特征也存在明显差异.长江干流水温垂向无明显变化,垂向稳定系数N~25×10~(-5) s~(-2),水体混合均匀,溶解氧垂向变化范围为:6.180～6.318mg·L~(-1);香溪河库湾中上游水温垂向上呈降低趋势,下游水温呈阶梯状分布,N~2均大于5×10~(-5) s~(-2),处于稳定分层状态,溶解氧呈"C"型分布特征;小湾水库在水深5～15 m和54～70 m出现明显分层,溶解氧在水温梯度较大处显著降低, 80 m后,沿水深无明显变化;③上覆水水动力、溶解氧分布以及沉积物环境差异是造成3种水域间隙水氮营养盐垂向分布差异的主要原因,且香溪河库湾间隙水氨氮和硝氮含量较高,可能提高反硝化速率,进而有助于水域脱氮,减少水域氮负荷.     

An investigation of roof runoff during rain events at the Royal Military College of Canada and potential discharge to Lake Ontario

The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof runoff and soil samples were collected and analyzed for copper and other parameters. Copper was consistently detected in runoff samples with average concentrations of 3200 2100 g/L. Multivariable linear regression analysis for a dependant copper runoff concentration yielded an adjusted R2 value of 0.611, based on an independent variable model using minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, and wind speed. Lake water samples taken in the vicinity of storm water outfalls draining areas with copper roofs ranged from 2.0 to 40 g/L copper. Such data exceed the 2.0 g/L Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life as outlined by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Analysis of raw, filtered and digested forms suggested that the majority of copper present in runoff and lake water samples was in a dissolved form. The majority of soils taken in this study displayed copper concentrations below the 63 g/g CCME residential/parkland land use limits. These findings suggested that ion exchange processes between runoff water and soil do not occur to a sufficient extent to elevate copper levels in soil. It may therefore be concluded that the eventual fate of copper, which is not discharged via storm water outfalls, is lost to the water table and Lake Ontario through the sub-soil.     

气幕隔尘法在电炉屋顶烟罩排烟系统中的应用分析

通常电炉加料和出钢时的烟气均通过屋顶烟罩捕集,但使用效果不够理想。为提高屋顶烟罩的捕集效率,节省大规模排烟量和风机能耗,提出更加经济的气幕隔尘法用于辅助电炉屋顶烟罩排烟。即在屋顶烟罩底部形成一个无形透明的屏障,以阻止电炉加料或出钢时的向上烟气不因车间横向气流的干扰而向屋顶烟罩外扩散。结合工程项目分析了气幕隔尘新技术的应用前景。     

水环境两相分层流数值模拟

以研究水环境两相分层流精细预报模型为目标,广泛地涉及了两相湍流精细模拟的理论和方法。用Eulerian坐标系中多流体模型统一描述两相各自的运动,并分别对两相本分的湍流输运观作以及地相间互作规律进计模拟,建立了水环境两相分层流的双流体模型对包含有浮力和密度分层的两相湍流进行了数值模拟,计算结正确地反映了分层及紊动特征,与实测结果吻合较好     

双衬层填埋场层状介质模型的建立

通过对危险废物填埋场结构及电学特性的分析,将双衬层填埋场看作水平方向为无穷大的5层介质空间. 漏洞电流对周围空间电势分布的影响可等效为位于电流流入端的负电流源和位于电流流出端的正电流源对周围空间电势分布的影响. 并且在对主、次防渗层进行检测的同时,对检测层中的电势分布进行了正演解析. 检测层任意一点的感应电势为HDPE膜两侧供电电极产生的感应电势与漏洞电流产生的感应电势的叠加. 试验结果证明,模型的理论值与试验值基本吻合.