Pollution characteristics of lead,zinc, arsenic,and cadmium in short-term storm water roof runoff in a suburban area

Pollution of hazardous elements in roof runoff has been a potential danger to aquatic ecosystem as documented in previous studies. In this study, concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in roof runoff were measured for short-term rainfall events. The concentrations of the selected elements varied to a high degree during the rainfall period, and the well-known first-flush phenomenon was not observed due to the short-term rainfall patterns. Based on event mean concentrations (EMCs) and fluxes, the elemental pollution may be ranked as Zn >> Pb > As > Cd. The average levels of Pb and Zn exceeded the fourth class value and fifth class value of the environmental quality standards for surface water in China. The relative high pollution could be caused by atmospheric deposition and the erosion of crust steel appurtenance installed above the rooftop. Furthermore, elements in particulate form dominated the roof runoff pollution, and the ratios of elements in particulate form to total amounts were 0.6 (As), 0.9 (Pb), 0.7 (Cd), and 0.5 (Zn). This study cleared the pollution characteristics of hazardous elements in short-term storm water roof runoff; it was useful for the selection of best management practices.     

重庆市不同类型屋顶绿化的降温增湿效应

屋顶绿化是城市立体绿化的主要方式之一,能有效改善城市生态环境。本文以重庆市主城区办公楼屋顶绿化为研究对象,开展不同类型屋顶绿化的降温、增湿效应研究。研究结果表明：绿化屋顶较未绿化屋顶具有明显的降温、增湿效应,且花园式屋顶绿化降温、增湿效应高于简单式屋顶绿化类型;花园式屋顶绿化降温率（T%）为22.14%,增湿效应（R%）为81.16%,而简单式屋顶绿化降温率（T%）为3.71%,增湿效应（R%）为14.7%。本研究以期为改善城市环境,实现城市的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

辛置煤矿310轨道巷围岩破裂范围研究

辛置煤矿310轨道巷属于高应力软岩巷道,地质构造和岩层结构非常复杂多变。为了解该巷道的松动范围、塑性区分布和围岩破坏情况,采用U510非金属超声波检测仪,在辛置煤矿310轨道巷左右两帮合理布置检测点,进行现场松动圈测试。获得一系列测试结果,运用测试结果及围岩松动圈支护理论,可对310轨道巷支护提供理论依据。     

深井开采沿空留巷顶板锚杆强化控制技术研究

随着我国煤矿开采深度的逐年增加,瓦斯含量逐渐增大且赋存异常,回采工作面瓦斯超限问题严重威胁着煤矿的安全生产,而沿空留巷则是解决工作面瓦斯超限问题的最有效途径,但沿空留巷顶板稳定性控制问题则制约了沿空留巷技术在我国更广泛地推广应用。本文以顾桥矿1115(1)采煤工作面沿空留巷为背景,全面总结了沿空留巷顶板控制技术的国内外研究现状及存在的主要问题,并分析了沿空留巷顶板控制的基本原理,在煤巷顶板预应力结构理论的基础上,提出了顾桥矿深井开采沿空留巷顶板稳定性控制的锚杆强化控制技术原理,对巷道所处的不同阶段有针对性的提出了顶板的安全控制技术。该研究成果在顾桥矿1115(1)采煤工作面沿空留巷中得到了成功应用,对类似条件下的沿空留巷顶板控制具有重要的指导意义。     

沥青油毡屋面降雨径流污染物浓度历时变化研究

城市面源污染是我国水环境质量恶化的重要原因之一.屋面是城市下垫面的主要组成部分,因而屋面暴雨径流污染成为城市面源污染的重要来源.以北京市典型的文教区为例,在2004年对沥青油毡屋面径流水质进行了为期4个月的监测,指标包括pH、SS、COD、TN、TP、BOD5及Cu、Cr、Zn、Cd和Pb等重金属.监测结果表明,屋面径流水质污染比较严重,COD、TN和BOD5均值一般都超过地表水环境质量Ⅴ级标准;屋面初期径流污染物浓度大,随着降雨历时的延长,COD、TN、TP、BOD5及SS的浓度大幅度下降;污染物的起始浓度以及浓度达到稳定所需的时间随雨前晴天数的不同而有较大变化.屋面暴雨径流中的重金属浓度在整个降雨过程中均较低,而且随降雨历时的延长,其浓度变化较小.     

水平管分层流下微孔泄漏特性数值模拟和实验分析

在油气田开发过程中,通常采用气液相混输模式,管道受腐蚀等因素影响容易出现穿孔而发生两相流泄漏。为分析两相流泄漏特性,对管内常见流型分层流下的微孔泄漏特性进行数值和实验分析;采用VOF耦合Level set算法分析了不同影响因素下的气液两相泄漏特性,设计了1种管道泄漏收集装置,进行室内两相流泄漏实验,并验证了数值预测模型的准确性。研究结果表明:气液两相流经过管壁泄漏口时会发生相分离,泄漏特性受小孔方位、管路内外压差、气液相流速影响较大;泄漏口位于管路侧壁时的泄漏特性与其他角度下的泄漏特性有所不同,可用泄漏影响区内的气液分布进行解释;当泄漏口位于管路底部时,存在临界液相分流系数,当液相分流比小于此临界值时,泄漏流体为单相液体。VOF耦合Level set算法的数值方法可为管路泄漏量预测和相分离特性分析提供参考。     

不同气源压缩气体泡沫灭浮顶罐密封圈火灾性能比较

为评估不同气源压缩气体泡沫扑救浮顶罐密封圈火灾的有效性,通过足尺灭火试验,研究不同工况下压缩气体泡沫对浮顶罐密封圈火灾的灭火性能以及气源类型、挡雨板遮挡对灭火的影响。结果表明:在泡沫溶液供给强度为5 L/（min·m2）条件下,压缩氮气泡沫和压缩空气泡沫均可快速有效扑灭典型浮顶罐密封圈火灾,且灭火后不发生复燃;密封圈挡雨板对泡沫施加和灭火均有较大影响,不利于快速灭火;无论是否设置挡雨板,压缩氮气泡沫的灭火性能均比压缩空气泡沫略有提升,实际工程中有氮气源的场所建议直接采用已有供氮设备作为气源。研究结果对压缩气体泡沫系统工程设计以及在大型浮顶罐工程中的应用具有重要意义。     

The Ability of Urban Residential Lawns to Disconnect Impervious Area from Municipal Sewer Systems1

Abstract: Runoff from urban catchments depends largely on the amount of impervious surface and the connectivity of these surfaces to the storm sewer drainage system. In residential areas, pervious lawns can be used to help manage stormwater runoff by intercepting and infiltrating runoff from impervious surfaces. The goal of this research was to develop and evaluate a simple method for estimating the reduction in stormwater runoff that results when runoff from an impervious surface (e.g., rooftop) is directed onto a pervious surface (e.g., lawn). Fifty‐two stormwater runoff reduction tests were conducted on six residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin during the summer of 2004. An infiltration‐loss model that requires inputs of steady‐state infiltration rate, abstraction (defined here as surface storage, vegetation interception and cumulative total infiltration minus steady‐state infiltration during the period prior to steady‐state), and inundated area was evaluated using experimental data. The most accurate results were obtained using the observed steady‐state infiltration rates and inundated areas for each test, combined with a constant abstraction for all tests [root mean squared (RMS) difference = 1.0 cm]. A second case utilized lawn‐averaged steady‐state infiltration rates, a regression estimate of inundated area based on flow‐path length, and lawn‐specific abstractions based on infiltration rate (RMS difference = 2.2 cm). In practice, infiltration rates will likely be determined using double‐ring infiltration measurements (RMS difference = 3.1 cm) or soil texture (RMS difference = 5.7 cm). A generalized form of the model is presented and used to estimate annual stormwater runoff volume reductions for Madison. Results indicate the usefulness of urban lawns as a stormwater management practice and could be used to improve urban runoff models that incorporate indirectly connected impervious areas.     

极近距离煤层联合开采工作面合理错距研究

基于山西灵石某矿极近距离煤层联合开采过程中存在的安全和技术问题,采用FLAC3D数值模拟研究方法,分析了上、下煤层联合开采工作面不同错距下上工作面覆岩应力传递规律,并结合现场工程实践,得出上下工作面联合开采的合理错距。结果表明:上下工作面错距为20 m时上工作面煤壁前方垂直应力较大,应力集中系数为2.12;将上下工作面布置在26~35 m范围是保证安全开采条件下比较合理的错距,通过分析现场上工作面单体支柱压力数据,压力值普遍低于35 MPa,进一步论证了该错距范围的合理性。     

屋面雨水不同储水形式的水质演变及微生物种群特性

储水水质安全保障是提高雨水资源储用效率的关键,而屋面雨水是雨水储存利用的最佳场景. 研究通过长期监测屋面雨水储存过程中水质演变,构建不同储水材料（PE、玻璃）和不同DO调控模式（密封、曝气）的储水形式,采用16S rRNA微生物多样性测序技术和环境因子关联性等分析方法,探明微生物代谢作用下的水质变化特征以及潜在的利用健康风险. 结果表明, 储水过程中COD的降解主要发生于前10 d,同时营养盐也主要依赖微生物的代谢作用进行转化. 不同储水形式下水质变化特征存在差异,传统PE储水材料会促进部分致病性黄色杆菌属（Xanthobacter）的繁殖,链格孢霉属（Alternaria）、葡萄穗霉属（Stachybotrys）和枝孢霉属（Cladosporium）等与DO和pH呈负相关. 曝气有利于降低细菌、真菌的丰度,而密封储水方式有利于抑制军团菌等病原菌的增长.