Resource recovery potential from secondary components of segregated municipal solid wastes

Fermentable components of municipal solid wastes (MSW) such as fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW), leaf litter, paddy straw, cane bagasse, cane trash and paper are generated in large quantities at various pockets of the city. These form potential feedstocks for decentralized biogas plants to be operated in the vicinity. We characterized the fermentation potential of six of the above MSW fractions for their suitability to be converted to biogas and anaerobic compost using the solid-state stratified bed (SSB) process in a laboratory study. FVW and leaf litter (paper mulberry leaves) decomposed almost completely while paddy straw, sugarcane trash, sugarcane bagasse and photocopying paper decomposed to a lower extent. In the SSB process between 50–60% of the biological methane potential (BMP) could be realized. Observations revealed that the SSB process needs to be adapted differently for each of the feedstocks to obtain a higher gas recovery. Bagasse produced the largest fraction of anaerobic compost (fermentation residue) and has the potential for reuse in many ways.     

屋面雨水不同储水形式的水质演变及微生物种群特性

储水水质安全保障是提高雨水资源储用效率的关键,而屋面雨水是雨水储存利用的最佳场景. 研究通过长期监测屋面雨水储存过程中水质演变,构建不同储水材料（PE、玻璃）和不同DO调控模式（密封、曝气）的储水形式,采用16S rRNA微生物多样性测序技术和环境因子关联性等分析方法,探明微生物代谢作用下的水质变化特征以及潜在的利用健康风险. 结果表明, 储水过程中COD的降解主要发生于前10 d,同时营养盐也主要依赖微生物的代谢作用进行转化. 不同储水形式下水质变化特征存在差异,传统PE储水材料会促进部分致病性黄色杆菌属（Xanthobacter）的繁殖,链格孢霉属（Alternaria）、葡萄穗霉属（Stachybotrys）和枝孢霉属（Cladosporium）等与DO和pH呈负相关. 曝气有利于降低细菌、真菌的丰度,而密封储水方式有利于抑制军团菌等病原菌的增长.     

深圳大气湿沉降对典型屋面径流水质的影响

屋面雨水是一种重要的非常规水源,其水质受大气湿沉降影响。该研究以深圳大学城水泥砂浆材质的屋面为例,测定了2011年14场降雨的雨前大气环境质量、大气降水水质和屋面径流水质,对比了大气降水及屋面径流中组分浓度的差异,分析了湿沉降与屋面径流污染负荷的关系及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)湿沉降中NH4+、乙酸、甲酸和乙二酸等组分与屋面材料及累积物发生化学反应,使得这些组分在屋面径流中的负荷显著减少;(2)湿沉降是屋面径流中Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+和SO42-组分负荷的少部分来源;(3)而湿沉降是屋面径流中TOC、F-和NO3-组分负荷的主要来源;(4)雨前大气环境质量对湿沉降组分浓度有显著影响。因此,湿沉降对屋面径流组分负荷影响显著,城市屋面径流水质管理中应充分考虑湿沉降的影响。     

基于污泥资源化利用的粗放型绿色屋顶生长基质的组成

构建了8个不同基质组成的粗放型绿色屋顶小试装置,通过累积650 mm模拟降雨实验,研究厌氧稳定污泥应用于粗放型绿色屋顶生长基质时的合理组成,考察使用过程中装置出水水质情况与基质自身营养物质含量变化情况,结合厌氧稳定污泥资源化利用时带来的N、P淋出问题,讨论不同改良材料的效果.结果表明:厌氧稳定污泥能够显著增加植物量,实验期间植物平均增重808%;厌氧稳定污泥会造成TP的大量淋失,给水厂污泥能够有效控制TP淋失并且不会影响植物对P的吸收,实验期间给水厂污泥累计减少TP淋出质量68.66%,且稳定后出水TP达到地表水Ⅴ类标准;厌氧稳定污泥会造成TN的严重淋失,淋失TN的主要形态是NO_3~--N,稻壳炭能够减少NO_3~--N的淋失,累计减少NO_3~--N淋出质量28.86%,增加稻壳炭用量,有助于控制NO_3~--N淋出;淋出液中SS和COD能够迅速下降并稳定,稳定后COD含量约为30 mg·L~(-1),优于地表水Ⅴ类标准;在以中小降雨为主的实际降雨条件下,基质中厌氧稳定污泥所含营养物质的保留时间能超过1 a,可以满足植物较长时间的生长需求.     

Stability and Mixing of a Vertical Axisymmetric Buoyant Jet in Shallow Water

The stability, mixing and effect of downstream control on axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jets discharging vertically into shallow stagnant water is studied using 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) combined with a buoyancy-extended k –ε model. The steady axisymmetric turbulent flow, temperature (or tracer concentration) and turbulence fields are computed using the finite volume method on a high resolution grid. The numerical predictions demonstrate two generic flow patterns for different turbulent heated jet discharges and environmental parameters (i) a stable buoyant discharge with the mixed fluid leaving the vertical jet region in a surface warm water layer; and (ii) an unstable buoyant discharge with flow recirculation and re-entrainment of heated water. A stratified counterflow region always appears in the far-field for both stable and unstable buoyant discharges. Provided that the domain radius L exceeds about 6H, the near field interaction and hence discharge stability is governed chiefly by the jet momentum length scale to depth ratio l_M/H, regardless of downstream control. The near field jet stability criterion is determined to be l_M/H = 3.5. A radial internal hydraulic jump always exists beyond the surface impingement region, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in dilution across the jump compared with vertical buoyant jet mixing. The predicted stability category, velocity and temperature/concentration fields are well-supported by experiments of all previous investigators.     

Calculation of Entrainment in Density Jumps

The density jump in a two-layer channel flow of miscible fluids, in which one of the layers is infinitely deep and at rest, is analyzed using the momentum flux and mass flux conservation equations. The analysis yields simple equations relating the heights upstream and downstream of the jump with the upstream Froude number and the rate of entrainment into the moving layer, as well as a relation between the maximum possible entrainment and the upstream Froude number. The analysis also shows that when the flow down-stream of the jump is controlled by an obstruction or a contraction, the entrainment rate into the jump depends solely on the dimensionless obstruction height contraction ratio and the upstream Froude number.     

大型浮顶油罐新型灭火系统设计

针对大型浮顶油罐浮盘边缘式泡沫灭火系统存在的缺陷,设计了一种新型灭火系统。采用氮气加水雾代替传统的泡沫灭火,节约了成本;在现有的支管喷嘴上作了改进,使灭火效率得到了提高。从新型系统设计流程进行了介绍分析,对供给强度、流量和压强进行了计算说明。     

黄沙坪铅锌矿采场顶板危险性分析及预防

分析了造成黄沙坪铅锌矿采场顶板不安全的因素，提出了预防顶板安全事故发生的综合措施，达到了较好的效果。     

大空间建筑空调气流组织计算方法

介绍在大的空间获得满意气流组织的分层空气调节的计算方法，并提出了相应的计算公式。     

屋面雨水回收用于冷却补水设计实例

以广州某商业中心为例,介绍了屋面雨水回收用于空调冷却塔补水的设计。根据广州地区雨水资源丰富、水质良好及工程项目的特点,确定了雨水回收范围、回收用途,并进行了月均水量平衡计算。经济效益分析表明,该系统每年可节约市政供水34000m3,经济效益和环境效益显著。