Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

微生物絮凝剂ZS-7的纯化及其结构特征研究

采用透析、乙醇沉淀、凝胶过滤层析对微生物絮凝剂ZS-7进行了纯化.经鉴定纯化后的微生物絮凝剂ZS-7是一种新型的糖蛋白,其产量大约为0.98 g/L发酵液.ZS-7主要由多糖和蛋白质组成,含量分别为91.5%和8.4%.进一步的分析表明ZS-7中含有酸性多糖包括糖醛酸(16.4%)、丙酮酸(7.1%)和乙酸(0.5%).采用凝胶色谱法测得ZS-7的相对分子质量为6.89×104.红外光谱、X射线能谱图和核磁共振图谱说明糖蛋白絮凝剂ZS-7含有羟基、氨基、羧基、甲氧基和磺酸等功能性基团.单糖组成分析说明ZS-7主要由鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,各单糖的摩尔比大致为:半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶甘露糖∶鼠李糖=142∶2.2∶4.5∶3.4.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

光合细菌黑暗好氧降解2-氯酚的特性研究

研究了光合细菌PSB-1D在黑暗好氧条件下处理2-氯苯酚时的降解规律和影响因素。考察了不同培养时间、碳源、氮源、初始pH值、PSB-1D接种量、摇床转速、不同初始2-氯苯酚浓度等因素对PSB-1D生长和2-氯苯酚处理效果的影响。结果表明:以葡萄糖、硫酸铵和酵母膏作为最佳碳氮营养源,初始pH值为7.0、接种量为10%、摇床转速为130r/min为最佳工艺条件,在此条件下PSB-1D处理2-氯苯酚降解率可达61.50%。黑暗好氧条件下光合细菌PSB-1D降解2-氯苯酚的规律符合一级降解动力学模型。随着初始2-氯苯酚的浓度逐渐由20mg/L提高到150mg/L,半衰期由39.36h延长为92.88h,也即2-氯苯酚浓度越高,降解所需的时间越长,降解速率常数Kb亦逐渐减小,由0.01754mg(/L·h)降到0.007458mg(/L·h)。     

玉米干旱等级划分及气象产量评估方法

分别以(玉米年雨量平均值±0.5倍标准差)和(平均值±1.5倍标准差)界定不同等级的干旱年份,分析了干旱年对玉米产量的影响,通过对玉米生育期气象条件的分析,建立了玉米气象产量评估方程。     

底泥中酸性挥发硫及同步浸提金属的测定

同步浸提金属与酸性挥发硫的比值在判断底泥重金属生物毒性方面有重要意义．描述了一套测定底泥酸性挥发硫和同步浸提金属的仪器装置和分析程序．从气体流速、反应时间、酸浓度、硫含量等方面研究了酸性挥发硫测定的最适反应条件．在此条件下酸性挥发硫的测定回收率可达９０％以上．该方法的最低检出限为００２μｍｏｌ／ｇ（干泥）．     

四川锦屏山地区部分地层时代、玄武岩和花岗岩地球化学特征及构造环境

锦屏地区的地质研究程度较低，部分地层时代争议较大，玄武岩、花岗岩的性质、物质来源和构造环境等尚未深入研究。为了切实评价区域稳定性，基础地质研究十分重要。通过同位素年代学和孢粉分析，改盐塘组时代由中三叠世为早二叠世，皮罗渡桥西黑色砂页岩层为晚三叠世；稀土元素、过渡元素、微量元素和岩石化学分析表明，在金一箐断裂东西两侧分布的玄武岩为上地幔来源、不同于陆海环境的大陆裂谷喷发产物，花岗岩的分异和重熔程度不同，代表造山期挤压向造山期后拉张环境转化。上述结论为该区构造发展演化和区域稳定性评价、矿产资源寻找提供了重要基础资料。     

中国东部春季一次强冷锋活动空气污染输送过程分析

利用CMAQ(4.7.1)和HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,结合长岛和洪泽湖站点污染物观测数据,对2011年3月31日—4月3日影响我国东北部地区的一次典型强冷锋天气空气污染过程进行模拟分析,验证表明模式能较好地模拟此次强冷锋过程. 由结果可知,此次强冷锋前后污染物浓度呈先升后降又上升的现象. 在冷锋移动过程中,锋前出现一条高浓度污染带,锋面将污染物抬升至800～500 hPa的高度,使污染物在对流层中层快速向西太平洋传输;冷锋对当地污染物的去除不仅有水平方向的推动作用,还会使污染物向高空输送. 锋面过后污染物浓度急剧降低,冷锋对长岛站点SO₂、O₃、NO_x、PM_2.5的清除率分别为90.87%、34.10%、50.56%、72.69%,对洪泽湖站点则分别为82.53%、50.45%、65.11%、36.80%. 锋面过去1~2 d后,高压控制天气形势下污染物再次开始积累、浓度回升. 冷锋前后污染物形成一个“积累—锋前抬升—高空平流输送—锋后大风清除—积累”的循环.      

实现节能减排的科学路径

在全球资源短缺、环境恶化的大背景下,中国作为一个人口众多、生产和消费相当惊人的发展中国家加强节能减排工作意义深远。鉴于中国的基本现状,应通过结构调整、技术创新、管理优化和公众参与四种途径来实现节能减排,力促经济、社会、环境和资源的可持续发展。     

预腐蚀铝合金材料裂纹萌生寿命评估

铝合金在航空工业中广泛应用,因此对于铝合金构件的寿命评估很重要。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)原位观测技术,研究了预腐蚀铝合金试件在循环应力作用下的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展行为。结果表明腐蚀坑对于裂纹萌生扩展行为具有强烈的影响。基于局部应变法,提出了一种预测带有腐蚀损伤的铝合金疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的评估公式。