冬季长江口及其邻近水域的浮游植物

根据2006年2月19日～3月5日在长江口及其邻近水域进行的大面调查所获样品,报道了该水域浮游植物的群落特征.此次调查共发现浮游植物5门56属116种(包括未定名17种).调查水域浮游植物群落以硅藻为主,其次为甲藻,此外还有少量的金藻、蓝藻和绿藻.主要优势种为具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata、离心列海链藻Thalassiosira excentricus、圆海链藻Thalassiosira rotula和辐射圆筛藻Coscinodiscus radiatus.调查区浮游植物的细胞丰度介于(111.11～2315.56)×104 /m3,平均值为914.87 ×104 /m3.近岸和调查区的东北部表层浮游植物丰度较高,其他区域表层丰度较低.浮游植物的垂直分布特征是细胞丰度的最大值出现在表层以下,随深度的增加,浮游植物的细胞丰度先上升后下降.多样性分析表明,香农-威纳多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在近岸口门处较高,离岸水域较低.     

两级SBR工艺去除磷、氮及有机物效能分析

以模拟生活污水为处理对象,在常温条件下,采用对比试验与机制分析方法,研究了两级SBR工艺分级除磷、去除有机物及脱氮的特性,分析了工艺的效能优势.结果表明,通过控制泥龄(除磷级5~7 d,脱氮级约50 d),可以将异养的PAOs与硝化菌分别控制在2个反应器中优势生长,在出水水质更优的情况下,系统的处理效率可比单级SBR提高1倍以上;两级SBR系统可以有效地缓解有机负荷对硝化过程的冲击影响,在进水COD浓度较高的情况下,能够保持其脱氮级(SBS2)具有稳定的硝化速率,且系统的最终出水可以容易并稳定地达到TP≤0.5 mg.L-1的国家标准;另外,两级SBR的脱氮级(SBS2)除具有优势的硝化菌种外,还能培养出适合降解难降解有机物的异养菌,使其好氧硝化结束时COD浓度较单级SBR系统更低.     

基于响应面优化条件下柚皮对Pb2+的吸附

采用Plackett-Burman(P-B)法和中心复合设计(Central Composite Design,简称CCD)对影响柚皮吸附Pb2+的6个条件进行筛选优化.P-B实验设计与统计学分析表明:pH值、Pb2+初始浓度、吸附剂用量是影响吸附率的3个关键因素.以吸附率为响应目标,对3因素进行中心复合设计,并经响应面法优化分析得到影响吸附率的二阶模型,确定了Pb2+吸附实验的最优操作条件:pH值5.4.Pb2+初始浓度为265.86mg·L-1,吸附剂用量为2.56 g·L-1,实测吸附率达到92.47%,吸附量为96.01 mg·g-1;整个吸附过程吸附剂柚皮没有经过任何化学预处理.效果优于一般的天然吸附剂.研究结果表明,柚皮是一种很具潜力的环保型廉价吸附剂.     

新型矿用圆弧形薄壁防冲吸能装置屈曲特性数值分析*

为解决支架面对冲击地压产生的强冲作用容易失效、失稳的难题,针对现有矿用防冲吸能装置存在的不足,提出1种新型矿用圆弧形薄壁防冲吸能装置。采用ABAQUS有限元数值模拟方法对新型防冲吸能装置与原有方形预折纹薄壁装置进行对比分析,同时研究新型防冲吸能装置在不同壁厚和不同轴向模块堆积个数情况下的屈曲特性。结果表明:圆弧形薄壁装置相比于方形折纹薄壁装置在相同厚度情况下其总吸能提升近20%,比吸能提高63%,装置防冲优势明显;在装置高度不变的情况下增加模块轴向堆积个数可有效降低压溃峰值荷载、荷载波动系数,增加平均压溃荷载;随着装置薄壁厚度降低,压溃峰值荷载、压溃平均荷载、总吸能与比吸能均降低,荷载波动系数增加,曲线波动性变大。     

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil

In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil during the single-step transesterification process. A total of 30 experiments were designed and performed to determine under the effects of variables on the biodiesel yield such as methanol to oil molar ratio (2:1–10:1), catalyst concentration (0.2–1.0 wt.% NaOH), reaction temperature (50–70°C), and reaction time (30–90 min). The second order polynomial model was used to predict the biodiesel yield and coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be at 0.9818. The optimum biodiesel yield was calculated as 96.695% from the model with the following reaction conditions: 7.41:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.63 wt. % NaOH of catalyst concentration, 61.84°C of reaction temperature, and 62.12 min of reaction time. It is seen that the regression model results were in agreement with the experimental data. The results showed that RSM is a suitable statistical technique for optimizing the reaction parameters in the transesterification process in order to maximize the biodiesel yield.     

Performance of a diesel engine with water emulsified diesel prepared with optimized process parameters

An attempt has been made to produce stable water–diesel emulsion with optimal formulation and process parameters and to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using this stable water–diesel emulsion. A total of 54 samples were prepared with varying water/diesel ratio, surfactant amount and stirring speed and water separation was recorded after 24 and 48 hr of emulsification. The recorded data were used in artificial neural network (ANN)-particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to find the optimal parameters to produce water–diesel emulsion for engine testing. The predicted optimal parameters were found as 20% water to diesel ratio, 0.9% surfactant and 2200 rpm of stirrer for a water separation of 14.33% in one day with a variation of 6.54% against the actual value of water separation. Water–diesel emulsion fuel exhibited similar fuel properties as base fuel. The peak cylinder gas pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate for water–diesel were found higher as compared to diesel at medium to full engine loads. The improved air-fuel mixing in water–diesel emulsion enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of engine. The absorption of heat by water droplets present in water–diesel emulsion led to reduced exhaust gas temperature (EGT). With water–diesel emulsion fuel, the mean carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emissions reduced by 8.80, 39.60, and 26.11%, respectively as compared to diesel.     

基于最小能量原理的平衡图调节法在矿井通风系统优化中的应用

根据最小能量原理,采用平衡图调节法解决矿井通风网络中风压不平衡的问题,建立矿井通风网络优化模型。根据矿山基本情况和平衡图原理绘制出通风网络"平衡图",采用不同的变换方法使得"平衡图"真正达到平衡,进而得出不同的优化调节方案,并进行风压平衡的验证。应用最小能量原理选出能耗最低的调节方案。并且,运用基于最小能量原理的平衡图调节法解决了矿山的实际问题,结果表明,运用该方法能形象直观地反映出风量、风压及功率之间的关系,在解决通风网络中风压不平衡问题的同时,既形象直观,又使得经济费用最低,保证矿山安全高效生产。     

An energy-absorbing sliding seat for reducing neck injury risks in rear impact—analysis for prototype built

Objective: This study investigated overall performance of an energy-absorbing sliding seat concept for whiplash neck injury prevention. The sliding seat allows its seat pan to slide backward for some distance under certain restraint force to absorb crash energy in rear impacts.

Methods: A numerical model that consisted of vehicle interior, seat, seat belt, and BioRID II dummy was built in MADYMO to evaluate whiplash neck injury in rear impact. A parametric study of the effects of sliding seat parameters, including position and cushion stiffness of head restraint, seatback cushion stiffness, recliner characteristics, and especially sliding energy-absorbing (EA) restraint force, on neck injury criteria was conducted in order to compare the effectiveness of the sliding seat concept with that of other existing anti-whiplash mechanisms. Optimal sliding seat design configurations in rear crashes of different severities were obtained. A sliding seat prototype with bending of a steel strip as an EA mechanism was fabricated and tested in a sled test environment to validate the concept. The performance of the sliding seat under frontal and rollover impacts was checked to make sure the sliding mechanism did not result in any negative effects.

Results: The protective effect of the sliding seat with EA restraint force is comparable to that of head restraint–based and recliner stiffness–based anti-whiplash mechanisms. EA restraint force levels of 3 kN in rear impacts of low and medium severities and 6 kN in impacts of high severity were obtained from optimization. In frontal collision and rollover, compared to the nonsliding seat, the sliding seat does not result in any negative effects on occupant protection. The sled test results of the sliding seat prototype have shown the effectiveness of the concept for reducing neck injury risks.

Conclusion: As a countermeasure, the sliding seat with appropriate restraint forces can significantly reduce whiplash neck injury risk in rear impacts of low, medium, and high severities with no negative effects on other crash load cases.     

一组中温厌氧消化菌群高温启动过程中的菌群多样性变化研究

该研究利用37℃培养的中温厌氧消化菌群为菌源,直接提温至50℃驯化培养,获得连续处理高浓度糖蜜废水的厌氧消化产甲烷菌群,并考察高温驯化过程中菌群结构及多样性的变化特征.结果表明,中温厌氧消化菌群直接转入高温培养后,在高浓度有机废水连续进料的条件下,厌氧消化过程能够快速启动生成甲烷,并在22 d后形成稳定的高温厌氧消化产甲烷菌群,平均甲烷生成效率为162.3 m L CH_4/g COD.乙酸和丙酸是厌氧发酵液内的2类主要有机酸,产气稳定期间的质量浓度分别为25.3和145.3 mg·L~(-1).转入高温培养后,菌群结构产生巨大变化,细菌变异程度强于古菌,并逐渐稳定成为以代谢糖、多种有机酸的细菌和产甲烷古菌为主要优势菌群的高温厌氧消化菌群.克隆结果显示细菌菌群以Thermacetogenium和Acetomicrobium faecal为主要优势菌群,分别占细菌克隆文库的33.44%和20.99%;古菌菌群以Methanosaeta和Methanoculleus为主要优势菌群,占古菌克隆文库的56.40%和39.75%.转入高温培养后,产甲烷古菌的总生物量下降,含量约为7.6×106拷贝/g活性污泥.研究结果对阐明温度选择压力对厌氧消化菌群结构与功能影响,改进高温厌氧消化菌群富集方法具有重要意义.     

驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响

为研究驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,在单相完全搅拌式(CSTR)反应器内,以农村户用沼气池污泥为接种污泥,进行了餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化.反应器在3 g·L-1·d-1(以VS计)的负荷下成功启动,并连续45 d维持性能稳定,表明驯化成功.期间采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析了驯化前后系统内的微生物群落结构.结果表明,微生物群落结构与底物密切相关,驯化后细菌及古菌群落都发生明显变化.从细菌群落看,与复杂有机物降解相关的菌类显著下降(如梭菌纲(Clostridia)和(vadin HA17),而易降解碳水化合物发酵菌(如Petrimonas)和脂肪降解菌(如Erysipelotrichia)显著增加.这与餐厨垃圾易降解有机物含量高,且富含淀粉和脂肪相关.丰富的易降解有机物还使得反应器内总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度((2203±174)mg·L-1)远高于种泥水平((222.0±0.3)mg·L-1),这导致了产甲烷菌由乙酸型的甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta,占85.01%)绝对主导转向氢营养型的甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum,占35.35%)、甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus,占9.89%)与之(46.97%)共同主导的局面.然而,驯化后Methanosaeta在非最优条件下依然保持主导地位,可见接种污泥的群落组成对厌氧消化系统群落结构的塑造也具有重大影响.