除草剂苯噻草胺污染对多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium multivolum)抗氧化酶和ATP酶的影响

研究了暴露于苯噻草胺中的多食鞘氨醇杆菌Y1菌株中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(CAT)和ATP酶活性在短期内的变化.结果表明,苯噻草胺对细菌SOD活性诱导作用明显,尤其对处于对数生长期的细菌所产生的影响大于稳定生长期的细菌.苯噻草胺对CAT也有强烈的诱导作用,对处于不同生长阶段细菌的影响类似于对SOD的影响结果.苯噻草胺能激活ATP酶,但在细菌生长阶段影响较小.抗氧化酶和ATP酶相结合作为该类化合物对土壤污染胁迫的敏感生物指示物具有一定的可行性.     

模拟酸雨对龙眼叶绿体的伤害效应

龙眼叶绿体超氧化的歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（AsA-POD)活性，谷胱甘肽（GSH）和抗坏血酸含量（AsA)含量随酸雨的pH值下降而降低，膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量则随酸雨的pH下降而增加。pH3.0的酸雨胁迫2h，SOD和AsA-POD活性，GSH和AsA含量有所增加，并随胁迫时间的延长而下降。pH3．5的酸雨处理使类整体膜崩解，叶绿体基粒片层结构混乱；pH3.0的酸雨处理的叶绿体片层结构伤害更为严重。图5图版2参21     

用简并引物扩增与克隆D.radiodurans超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶基因片段

依据超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ） 和过氧化氢酶（Ｃａｔ） 的保守性氨基酸序列,设计简并引物,自Ｄ．ｒａｄｉｏｄｕｒａｎｓ 基因组ＤＮＡ扩增并克隆了ＳＯＤ和Ｃａｔ 基因片段．ＳＯＤ 和Ｃａｔ 基因片段分别长４５３ ｂｐ 和６７３ ｂｐ,各编码１５１和２２４ 个氨基酸,氨基酸序列与不同生物来源的ＳＯＤ或Ｃａｔ 具有高度同源性     

Photoirradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diones by UVA light leading to lipid peroxidation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous genotoxic environmental pollutants and potentially pose a health risk to humans. In most if not all cases, PAHs in the environment can be oxidized into their corresponding PAH-diones. This process is considered a detoxification pathway with regard to tumorigenicity. Nevertheless, photo-induced toxicological activity of PAH-diones has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we show that 27 potential environmental PAH-diones induced lipid peroxidation, in a dose (light) response manner, when irradiated with UVA at 7 and 21 J cm⁻². Photoirradiation in the presence of sodium azide, deuterated methanol, or superoxide dismutase revealed that lipid peroxidation is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping studies supported this observation. These results suggest that UVA photoirradiation of PAH-diones generates reactive oxygen species and induces lipid peroxidation.     

Brassinosteroid alleviates phenanthrene and pyrene phytotoxicity by increasing detoxification activity and photosynthesis in tomato

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (BR) on growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of tomato seedlings grown under different levels (0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 μM) of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in hydroponics. A concentration-dependent decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) has been observed following PHE and PYR exposure. By contrast, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was increased. PHE was found to induce higher stress than PYR. However, foliar or root application of BR (50 nM and 5 nM, respectively) alleviated all those depressions with a sharp improvement in the activity of photosynthetic machinery. The activities of guaicol peroxidase (GPOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in a dose-dependent manner under PHE or PYR treatments. Compared with control the highest increments of GPOD, CAT, APX, GR and MDA by PHE/PYR alone treatments were observed following 300 μM concentration, which were 67%, 87%, 53%, 95% and 74% by PHE and 42%, 53%, 30%, 86% and 62% by PYR, respectively. In addition, both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were induced by PHE or PYR. Interestingly, BR application in either form further increased enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in tomato roots treated with PHE or PYR. Our results suggest that BR has an anti-stress effect on tomato seedlings contaminated with PHE or PYR and this effect is mainly attributed by increased detoxification activity.     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

高浓度铬对凤眼莲的伤害及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

为了初步探讨在高浓度重金属胁迫下凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)的生理变化,通过急性实验法从活性氧伤害角度探讨铬伤害凤眼莲的机理.结果表明,在高浓度(50ppm)铬污染下,凤眼莲叶片中SOD和CAT活性以及叶绿索α的含量明显下降,组织电解质外渗率和MDA含量明显升高,与对照值之间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05);叶片中H_2O_2含量无明显变化.     

商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的影响及其生理生化效应

研究了商品氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长及生理生化指标的影响,以了解除虫菊酯农药对水生态系统的影响.在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞生长受到明显抑制,氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为2.37mg/L.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,12h到达最大促进或者抑制效果,48h后趋于平稳.其中12h处理,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组的促进作用最强;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制效应.氯氰菊酯能促进藻细胞膜脂氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的产生,且呈现出明显的剂量—效应关系,MDA含量可以作为监测氯氰菊酯污染的生物标记指标之一.研究结果表明,SOD活性抑制以及膜脂氧化是氯氰菊酯对斜生栅藻的重要致毒机理,但自然环境中的氯氰菊酯水平不会对淡水水体浮游藻类的生长产生抑制作用.     

Protective influence of Vitamins against Petroleum-induced free radical toxicity in Rabit

The effect of exposure to crude oil contaminated diet on the blood antioxidant defence system, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile as well as possible protective roles of vitamins E and C were studied in rabbits. Oxidative stress induction by crude oil was indicated by significantly (P < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and a non-significant (P < 0.05) decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. A similar pattern was also detected in the lipid profile: total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol insignificantly (P < 0.05) increased while HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride significantly decreased relative to rabbits fed normal diet. The reciprocal relationship between HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in addition to compromised antioxidant enzymes could predispose exposed animals to coronary heart disease. However, pre-treatment of the diet with vitamins C and E exhibited a protective role on the toxic effect of crude oil on lipid profile, lipid peroxidation as well as antioxidant enzymes. The order of protection was vitamin E + C > vitamin E > vitamin C. These observations seemed to suggest that the protective role of vitamins C and E is synergistic. The protective role of the vitamins is probably time-dependent as significant (P < 0.05) restoration of lipid profile as well as antioxidant enzymes activities to control values was effected after four weeks of exposure. It is therefore suggested that toxic effect of crude oil may be reduced by dietary supplementation of vitamins C and E.     

铅胁迫下La(NO3)3对油菜抗氧化酶的影响

用盆栽实验研究了 1g·kg- 1和 2g·kg- 1铅胁迫下 ,分别以 0 1 ,0 3和 0 5g·l- 1La(NO3 ) 3 溶液浸种 ,然后测定油菜幼苗中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)的含量 ,以及油菜幼苗生长的情况 .结果表明 ,稀土元素镧可以提高油菜幼苗地上和地下部分超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性 ,并降低丙二醛的含量 ,但是对于油菜幼苗生长的影响并不显著 ,显示镧能够在一定时间内抑制超氧阴离子自由基的产生以抵御铅的胁迫 .