遥感在滑坡调查中的应用

本文介绍了遥感技术在滑坡的现状调查和防治中的应用.提出了航天、航空遥感图像上滑坡现状、规模、易滑地点、稳定性评价等的直接和间接判读标志;并展望了遥感技术在滑坡动态监测中的应用前景.     

An evaluation of public participation information for land use decisions: public comment,surveys, and participatory mapping

ABSTRACT

Public participation in the form of public meetings and written submissions has been criticised as a democratic ritual that fails to give citizens a real voice in government decisions. Participatory mapping and community surveys are alternative public participation (PP) methods that can augment legally required processes for land use planning. To date, there has been little evaluation research comparing the information content generated by required PP processes and alternative PP sources with respect to local land use decisions. Using multiple development projects from a case study community, we analysed and compared information generated from three different sources of public participation: (1) formal public comment (written submissions), (2) responses to community survey questions, and (3) land use preferences generated from participatory mapping. We found public comment strongly supported development while results from survey questions and participatory mapping methods revealed community ambivalence. The differences in public opinion are attributed to two key factors: the representativeness of participants in the PP process and the specific methods used for measuring public opinion. Community surveys and participatory mapping generated more accurate and representative community information compared to the formal PP process which was characterised by lower participation and vulnerability to special interest manipulation. For local government decision makers, the political risk of broadening PP information appears high relative to the risk of inaccurately assessing public opinion thus limiting adoption of alternative PP methods such as participatory mapping.     

Reproductive health in Afghanistan: results of a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey among Afghan women in Kabul

A reproductive-health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey was carried out among 468 Afghan women of reproductive age. A convenience sample of women was selected from attendees in the outpatient departments of four health facilities in Kabul. Seventy-nine per cent of respondents had attended at least one antenatal consultation during their last pregnancy. Two-thirds (67 per cent) delivered their first child between 13 and 19 years. The Caesarean-section rate was low (1.6 per cent). Two-thirds (67 per cent) of deliveries occurred in the home. The contraceptive prevalence rate was 23 per cent (16 per cent modern and 7 per cent natural methods). Twenty-four per cent had knowledge of any STIs, although most of these women did not know correctly how to prevent them. Most of the women (93 per cent) needed authorization from their husband or a male relative before seeking professional health-care. In multivariate analysis, women's schooling was significantly associated with antenatal-care attendance (AOR 4.78), institutional delivery (AOR 2.29), skilled attendance at birth (AOR 2.07) and use of family planning (AOR 4.59). Reproductive-health indicators were noted to be poor even among these women living in Kabul, a group often considered to be the most privileged. To meet the reproductive-health needs of Afghan women, the socio-cultural aspects of their situation--especially their decision-making abilities -- will need to be addressed. A long-standing commitment from agencies and donors is required, in which the education of women should be placed as a cornerstone of the reconstruction process of Afghanistan.     

Forest Perception and Knowledge of Hikers and Mountain Bikers in Two Different Areas in Northwestern Switzerland

Recreational activities can have major impacts on vegetation and wildlife in frequently visited forests. We assessed forest perception and knowledge (state, functions, and species diversity) among hikers and mountain bikers in a frequently visited, seminatural suburban recreation forest (Muttenz) and in a more distantly situated, naturally grown excursion forest (Wasserfallen) in northwestern Switzerland. In all, 239 hikers and 126 mountain bikers were interviewed. Mountain bikers in both forests and hikers in the more intensely used recreation forest at Muttenz assessed the state of the forest less optimistically and showed a higher awareness of the negative impact of recreational activities on the flora and fauna than hikers at Wasserfallen. Furthermore, mountain bikers seemed aware of the social conflicts caused by their activity, since they appreciated neutral or positive encounters with other forest visitors. In contrast, 57% of hikers at Muttenz reported on negative experiences with other forest visitors, particularly with mountain bikers. In general, the interviewees ecological and biological forest knowledge (forest type and function, species diversity) was rather high. A large proportion was aware of the pros and cons of different forest conditions for plants and animals, and could name or recognize at least some plant and/or animal species typical for the visited forest. The forest knowledge was neither influenced by the type of recreational activity carried out nor by any aspect of forest visit behavior (frequency and duration of forest visits, means of transportation and travel distance to forest). However, the interviewees forest knowledge was influenced by their age and educational level.     

Evaluation of groundwater and soil pollution in a landfill area using electrical resistivity imaging survey

Landfills are sources of groundwater and soil pollution due to the production of leachate and its migration through refuse. This study was conducted in order to determine the extent of groundwater and soil pollution within and around the landfill of Seri Petaling located in the State of Selangor, Malaysia. The condition of nearby surface water was also determined. An electrical resistivity imaging survey was used to investigate the leachate production within the landfill. Groundwater geochemistry was carried out and chemical analysis of water samples was conducted upstream and downstream of the landfill. Surface water was also analyzed in order to determine its quality. Soil chemical analysis was performed on soil samples taken from different locations within and around the landfill in the vadose zone (unsaturated zone) and below the water table (in the soil saturated zone). The resistivity image along line L–L₁ indicated the presence of large zones of decomposed waste bodies saturated with highly conducting leachate. Analysis of trace elements indicated their presence in very low concentrations and did not reflect any sign of heavy metal pollution of ground and surface water or of soil. Major ions represented by Na, K, and Cl were found in anomalous concentrations in the groundwater of the downstream bore hole, where they are 99.1%, 99.2%, and 99.4%, respectively, higher compared to the upstream bore hole. Electrical conductivity (EC) was also found in anomalous concentration downstream. Ca and Mg ions represent the water hardness (which is comparatively high downstream). There is a general trend of pollution towards the downstream area. Sulfates (SO₄) and nitrates (NO₃) are found in the area in low concentrations, even below the WHO standards for drinking water, but are significantly higher in the surface water compared to the groundwater. Phosphate (PO₄) and nitrite (NO₂), although present in low levels, are significantly higher at the downstream. There is no significant difference in the amount of fluoride (F) in the different locations. In the soil vadose zone, heavy metals were found to be in their typical normal ranges and within the background concentrations. Soil exchangeable bases were significantly higher in the soil saturated zone compared to the vadose zone, and no significant difference was obtained in the levels of inorganic pollutants. With the exception of Cd, the concentration ranges of all trace elements (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Ni) of Seri Petaling landfill soils were below the upper limits of baseline concentrations published from different sources.     

Using GIS to Generate Spatially Balanced Random Survey Designs for Natural Resource Applications

Sampling of a population is frequently required to understand trends and patterns in natural resource management because financial and time constraints preclude a complete census. A rigorous probability-based survey design specifies where to sample so that inferences from the sample apply to the entire population. Probability survey designs should be used in natural resource and environmental management situations because they provide the mathematical foundation for statistical inference. Development of long-term monitoring designs demand survey designs that achieve statistical rigor and are efficient but remain flexible to inevitable logistical or practical constraints during field data collection. Here we describe an approach to probability-based survey design, called the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster, based on the concept of spatially balanced sampling and implemented in a geographic information system. This provides environmental managers a practical tool to generate flexible and efficient survey designs for natural resource applications. Factors commonly used to modify sampling intensity, such as categories, gradients, or accessibility, can be readily incorporated into the spatially balanced sample design.     

高职院校环境专业就业情况调查——以中国环境管理干部学院2014届毕业生为例

采用资料收集、实地调研、调查问卷等方法,对环境保护领域人才需求情况以及岗位知识技能的要求、环境专业毕业生的就业意向进行调查和分析。结果表明,企业对高职环保人才需求量较大,环保人员应具备的素质以分析问题能力和沟通能力为主;高职院校环境专业毕业生对目前环境保护行业就业形势认识清楚,对就业单位的环保人才素质需求分析正确,但求职过程中存在目标设定偏高等问题,因此,从课程设置、教学方法和就业指导方面提出措施。     

银川平原主要湖泊湿地水环境现状调查与分析

为了掌握和了解银川平原主要湖泊湿地的水质环境状况,对宁夏沙湖、鸣翠湖、星海湖、阅海湖、鹤泉湖等湿地开展了水质现状调查和分析研究,结果表明,这些湖泊湿地都受到污染,沙湖、星海湖和鸣翠湖的水质受到轻度污染,水质根据地表水环境质量标准分类为IV类,鹤泉湖和阅海湖的水质受到中度污染,水之类别为V类。该研究为湿地资源保护与合理利用提供科学依据,对宁夏经济协调发展提供科技支撑。     

我国公众环境保护意识的调查与分析

本文根据一次大规模的抽样调查资料，初步分析了我国公众环境保护意识的现状，认为从总体上看，公众的环保意识水平偏低；公众的环境资源况颇具特色；在经济发展与环境保护之间出现明显矛盾时，半数公众能够优先考虑环境保护；大多数公众认为环境保护与个人有关，但对个人的努力信心不足；超过七成的公众表示愿意为环境保护支付一定费用，但对高收入阶层普遍寄予较高的期望；公众有一定的依法保护环境的心理基础，但法律知识又非常缺乏。     

长江安徽段及巢湖水患区防洪治水的环境地质问题

长江安徽江段及巢湖水患区环境地质问题突出 ,因洪涝诱发引起的地质灾害十分频繁 ,特别是在每年汛期持续的高水位影响下 ,形成堤基管涌、边岸崩塌、软土变形、散浸等 ,造成溃口成灾或渍水成涝 ,形成大面积的洪涝灾害。这一地区的水患问题的形成和发展受地质环境影响和控制。通过收集有关资料 ,对长江安徽江段及巢湖水患区环境地质特征及存在的主要问题进行了初步分析 ,提出水患区的形成主要受控于地质作用 ,泥沙淤积与地貌演化作用 ,人类活动及岸带变化和堤基变形作用。为有效地进行防洪治水规划 ,应开展与洪涝灾害发生与发展有关的环境地质调查研究 ,特别是对江湖关系、第四纪地质和新构造运动与洪涝灾害的关系需要进行重点调查研究 ,为防洪治水规划提供依据。