Temporal variation of the concentration and biochemical composition of seston within the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile (21°S)

Seasonal differences in the concentration and biochemical composition of seston have been assessed for the first time in the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile (21°S). The study comprised four seasonal surveys in the Bay of Chipana, including the summer and winter of 2006 and 2007, when El Niño 2006 and La Niña 2007 developed. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate and biogenic silica contents were measured in samples collected at four selected depths. The highest protein, lipid and carbohydrate concentrations were found at the fluorescence maximum (between 10 and 15 m depth), whereas the highest biogenic silica concentration was found 1 m above the seabed. When El Niño started developing, every variable showed low values throughout the water column; however, the lowest values were found when La Niña conditions dominated, together with low oxygen concentrations. Samples collected within the oxygen minimum zone (65 m depth) showed the lowest values for the water column and the lowest seasonal variations. After the evident decline coincident with El Niño 2006, the abundance and biochemical quality (high protein and lipid contents) of seston recovered earlier in the surface layer (upper 15 m) than at other depths.     

Transport of Sewage Sludge in a Mixed Water Column

Abstract

Sewage sludge from four publicly-owned treatment works was sampled and characterized in terms of parameters affecting transport at the 106-mile deep ocean disposal site as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency's site monitoring programme. Samples from treatment plants in Passaic Valley, Rahway, and Elizabeth, New Jersey and New York City were characterized in terms of dynamic size distribution, suspended solids and density. the transport characteristics of sludge particles were measured using a 2 metre computer-interfaced laboratory settling column. Experiments were conducted at constant salinity (35 ppt) while varying hydrodynamic mixing, sludge type and concentration using a modified factorial experimental design. Hydrodynamic power dissipation was varied so that the vertical dispersion and rms fluid shear rate ranged between 0-6 cm²S^?1 and 0-30s^?1 respectively. Results indicate that at least 80% of suspended sludge particles will eventually settle under mixed conditions. the average settling velocities ranged between 0.05-4.05 × 10^-3 cm ^s-1. Shear rates above 15 s^?1 inhibited sludge settling due to aggregate breakup and boundary effects, but at a lower shear rate, differential settling and fluid shear were the dominant transport mechanisms. Sludge dilution (1/500-1/5000) had a limited effect on the settling rate. Results from this study can be used to calibrate particle transport models to determine the fate of sludge disposed at an ocean disposal site.     

鄱阳湖表层水体总磷含量遥感反演及其时空特征分析

总磷是湖泊水质参数中的主要指标,从遥感数据中获得其时空上的分布信息对于理解、管理和保护湖泊生态系统是必要的。通过2009 年4 月至12 月对鄱阳湖湖区和五河入口的表层水体进行采样分析,利用直接遥感反演算法和间接遥感反演算法,结合MODIS遥感数据择优反演鄱阳湖表层水体的总磷含量,同时分析总磷含量的时空特征和变化规律。结果表明：①从实验数据分析可知,总磷TP与总悬浮物浓度相关性较好,间接反演算法能够得到较好的反演结果;②TP是鄱阳湖水质的主要污染指标之一,TP含量在丰水期、平水期、枯水期三个时期呈上升趋势;③鄱阳湖三个时期TP含量的空间变化明显,中心湖区TP含量相对整个湖区较低,主航区和五河入口TP含量为全湖最高区域,常年处于高含量状态。     

Enhancing generic ecological model for short-term prediction of Southern North Sea algal dynamics with remote sensing images

Physically based numerical modelling follows from the basic understanding of the underlying mechanisms and is often represented by a set of (partial differential) equations. It is one of the main approaches in population dynamics modelling. The emphasis of the model introduced in this paper is on the simulation of short-term spatial and temporal dynamics of harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. Total suspended matter (TSM) concentration is one of the dominant factors for harmful algal bloom (HAB) prediction in North Sea. However, the modelling of suspended matter contains a high degree of uncertainty in this area. Therefore, this research aims to achieve a better estimation for the short-term prediction of harmful algal bloom development in both space and time by using spatially distributed TSM retrieved from remotely sensed images as physically based model inputs. In order to supply complete spatially covered datasets for the physically based model instrument: generic ecological model (GEM), this research retrieves TSM information from MERIS images by means of proper estimation techniques including biharmonic splines and self-learning cellular automata. A better estimation of HAB spatial pattern development is achieved by adding spatially distributed TSM data as inputs to original GEM model, and it proved that chlorophyll-a concentration in this area is very sensitive to TSM concentration.     

生态清淤施工过程对巢湖水质影响的模拟

本研究以巢湖生态清淤为例,在水动力模型的基础上,采用平面二维恒定流和悬浮物扩散数学模型来描述生态清淤施工悬浮物的运动形态和排泥场尾水的影响。结果表明:生态清淤施工悬浮物扩散会给清淤区域内及周边约660 m范围的水体水质造成一定的影响。排泥场尾水排放口下游悬浮物最高浓度约4.8 mg/L,TN浓度最大增量约为0.164 mg/L,TP浓度最大增量约为0.004 mg/L。总体来说,尾水排放的SS、TN、TP对湖区的影响范围不大,其影响程度有限。     

细叶蜈蚣草对悬沙胁迫的生理生态学研究

研究了悬沙对细叶蜈蚣草(Egeria nojas)营养生殖、叶绿素、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶)等影响。实验结果表明:悬沙处理96h后,各组细叶蜈蚣草断枝均能发芽,其发芽率均在60%以上,悬沙浓度<4.0g/L时,断枝新芽生长较好,悬沙浓度>6.0g/L时,新芽生长受到影响;各组细叶蜈蚣草叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量均相差不大,叶绿素a/b值都在2.50以上,属于正常范围,变化幅度不大;各试验组中细叶蜈蚣草SOD和CAT相差不大,相对比较稳定,受到影响较小。因此,细叶蜈蚣草对悬沙胁迫具有较好的抗逆性,是一种在含沙量较高水体的生态修复实践中具有良好应用前景的水生植物。     

滤筒法测定水中悬浮物的实践

采用重量法用滤筒替代滤膜进行测定水中悬浮物的比对实验,实验结果表明:滤筒测定水中悬浮物比滤膜测定水中悬浮物更具有易恒重、测定误差小、准确度高、快速、简便、成本低等优点,适合水质监测应用。     

布哈河流域不同时间尺度下土壤侵蚀对气候变化的响应特征

全球气候变暖极大地影响了地表侵蚀过程,但影响机制尚无统一定论.河流悬浮物是示踪地表侵蚀的常用手段.本文通过分析青海湖流域最大河流布哈河2008?—?2015年的日径流量、悬浮物浓度、气温及降雨数据,讨论了该流域在日、月以及季节尺度下土壤侵蚀对气候变化的响应特征.结果表明:降雨是半干旱布哈河流域土壤侵蚀的主要控制因素,气温通过影响冻融作用控制侵蚀行为.此外,该流域的土壤侵蚀具有明显的季节性差异,大部分的侵蚀发生在雨季.最重要的是,冻融作用导致春季解冻期/雨季前期产生额外的沉积物累积,表现为在相同流量下,沉积物输出明显高于雨季后期.上述结果对深刻认识全球变暖背景下侵蚀的响应机制具有重要的作用.     

基于遥感的巢湖悬浮泥沙分布的环境背景分析

悬浮泥沙是重要的水质参数之一,对水体透明度、浑浊度、水色等光学性质及水生生态条件产生直接影响,水体的含沙量及其动态变化对区域水下地貌的发展及冲淤变化等具有非常重要的影响. 以巢湖为例,通过对不同含沙量的水体进行光谱特征分析,提出了用泥沙指数来提取泥沙分布的方法. 利用ETM+(TM)数据得到了巢湖湖区2个时相的泥沙分布图,并对巢湖悬浮泥沙分布的环境背景进行分析,指出巢湖泥沙的来源主要是各入湖河流携带的泥沙,其次是岸坡崩塌物形成的.      

水解酸化工艺的改进

综合水解酸化工艺传统的"膜法"和"泥法"两种工艺的优点,开发一种新的水解酸化工艺。把新工艺和传统的"膜法"工艺并联运行,进行对比实验,发现新工艺在有机物和色度的去除以及提高废水的可生化性方面均具有优势,COD去除率20%~30%,色度去除率60%,出水ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)在0.7左右。