川东北低山丘陵区细颗粒物主要相关因素和季节变化分析——以南充主城区为例

基于中国空气质量在线监测分析平台和全球天气精准预报网的大气质量和气象数据,以四川盆地东北低山丘陵区典型城市南充市主城区为例,检验了细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度的概率密度分布,发现其接近对数正态分布,由相关分析确定了PM_(2.5)浓度的主要相关因素为CO、NO_2(相关系数r分别为0.76、0.55,P0.01),再通过对2014年1月—2016年6月的日数据的逐步回归筛选出最优的回归指标和模拟方程(决定系数R_(adj)~2为0.68,P0.05),2016年7月—2017年6月的数据验证表明模拟效果较好(拟合优度为0.64,相对误差15.48%);最后根据时序插值、浓度和IAQI(PM_(2.5))的时段均值发现PM_(2.5)浓度在年际上有降低趋势;在季节上由高到低依次为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季;PM_(2.5)浓度在1月和6月分别呈现出年内的峰值和谷值,5、10月出现了阶段性峰值,尤其是5月;IAQI(PM_(2.5))的季节变化与浓度变化规律相似;且PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)比值的均值为0.67,表明现阶段南充市主城区大气污染物中细颗粒物占有较大比重。     

混凝-超滤处理径流雨水效果——以华南地区为例

采用超滤膜(UF)为核心,以混凝作为预处理措施,对混凝-超滤工艺处理径流雨水的特性和膜通量变化与污染现象进行了研究,并对聚合硫酸铁(PFS)单独混凝、UF、PFS-UF组合工艺进行了对比;在优化混凝基础上,考察了混凝-UF对常规水质指标及总磷、生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、可生物降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)等生物稳定性指标的去除效果.结果表明,混凝可有效去除TOC、UV254和总磷,混凝剂投加量与污染物去除近似呈线性关系.各混凝剂除浊效能均良好.综合考虑混凝处理效率与经济性,实验采用混凝方案为10 mg·L-1的PFS.PFS、UF、PFS-UF工艺除浊率均在95%以上,PFS和UF对TOC和UV254的去除较为接近,采用PFS-UF可提高去除率13%—15%;PFS-UF处理后雨水的AOC、BDOC分别降低至61.8μg·L-1、0.19 mg·L-1,残余总磷可降至3.8μg·L-1,雨水生物稳定性明显提高.PFS、UF和PFS-UF对颗粒物的去除率分别达80.5%、99.6%和99.9%.膜通量的变化和SEM图分析表明,混凝在一定程度上减轻了UF膜污染;形成的凝胶层具有一定整体强度,水力清洗时易于清除,膜通量恢复较好;但同时凝胶层的产生也增大了透膜阻力,PFS-UF工艺的周期内膜通量衰减有增加的趋势.     

Trace elements in particulate matter of ambient air at petroleum filling stations

Size segregated suspended particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM_10-2.5) in air at four major petroleum-filling stations in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, were monitored using double staged “Gent” stacked samplers to assess variations in mass loads and elemental concentrations of 25 elements. Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Cs, Ta, W, and Pb were determined in both fractions by external ion beam proton-induced X-ray emission technique. Enrichment factors and pollution indices were calculated and results revealed that most elements were anthropogenic in both fractions with concentrations exceeding the World Health Organization guideline standards.     

Mass concentrations and temporal profiles of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 near major urban roads in Beijing

Mass concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ were measured near major roads in Beijing during six periods: summer and winter of 2001, winter of 2007, and periods before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Since the control efforts for motor vehicles helped offset the increase of emissions from the rapid growth of vehicles, the averaged PM_2.5 concentrations at roadsides during the sampling period between 2001 and 2008 fluctuated over a relatively small range. With the implementation of temporary traffic control measures during the Olympics, a clear “V” shaped curve showing the concentrations of particulate matter and other gaseous air pollutants at roadsides over time was identified. The average concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO and NO decreased by 31.2%, 46.3%, 32.3% and 35.4%, respectively, from June to August; this was followed by a rebound of all air pollutants in December 2008. Daily PM₁₀ concentrations near major roads exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Grade II) for 61.2% of the days in the non-Olympic periods, while only for 12.5% during the Olympics. The mean ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ near major roads remained relatively stable at 0.55 (±0.108) on non-Olympic days. The ratio decreased to 0.48 (±0.099) during the Olympics due to a greater decline in fine particles than in coarse-mode PM. The ratios PM₁/PM_2.5 fluctuated over a wide range and were statistically different from each other during the sampling periods. The average ratios of PM₁/PM_2.5 on non-Olympic days were 0.71.     

Removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products precursors in a hybrid process combining ozonation with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration

The performance of an integrated process including coagulation, ozonation, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) and biologic activated carbon (BAC) filtration was investigated for the removal of organic matter and disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors from micro-polluted surface water. A pilot scale plant with the capacity of 120 m³ per day was set up and operated for the treatment of drinking water. Ceramic membranes were used with the filtration area of 50 m² and a pore size of 60 nm. Dissolved organic matter was divided into five fractions including hydrophobic acid (HoA), base (HoB) and neutral (HoN), weakly hydrophobic acid (WHoA) and hydrophilic matter (HiM) by DAX-8 and XAD-4 resins. The experiment results showed that the removal of organic matter was significantly improved with ozonation in advance. In sum, the integrated process removed 73% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 87% of UV₂₅₄, 77% of trihalomethane (THMs) precursors, 76% of haloacetic acid (HAAs) precursors, 83%of trichloracetic aldehyde (CH) precursor, 77% of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) precursor, 51% of trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) precursor, 96% of 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP) precursor and 63% of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) precursor. Hydrophobic organic matter was converted into hydrophilic organic matter during ozonation/UF, while the organic matter with molecular weight of 1000–3000 Da was remarkably decreased and converted into lower molecular weight organic matter ranged from 200–500 Da. DOC had a close linear relationship with the formation potential of DBPs.     

白洋淀沉积物耗氧速率及氧亏效应研究

沉积物耗氧是影响水体溶解氧平衡的重要因素,受到沉积物有机质矿化的影响.本文采用柱培养法测定了白洋淀不同水文地貌分区和生境类型的表层沉积物耗氧速率(sediment oxygen demand,SOD),并基于地表水质量标准评估了白洋淀沉积物耗氧对水体产生的氧亏效应,探讨了白洋淀SOD与有机质(OM)的关系.结果表明,白...     

川西高原河流水体CDOM的光化学降解特性

川西高原部分河流溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量极高,因有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)具有独特的光学特性,其光降解特征与规律对于分析高寒区天然水体DOC动态及区域水-陆碳循环具有重要的环境意义.本文选取川西高原两种主要地貌类型的河流共5条,即高山峡谷区河流杂谷脑河、抚边河及岷江,丘状高原区河流白河、黑河,对河流水体CDOM三维荧光光谱(EEMs)与紫外-可见光吸收光谱(UV-Vis)采用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)与二维相关光谱(2D-COS)进行分析.结果表明:①白河和黑河CDOM的5 d降解率分别为64. 85%和63. 43%,光降解速率常数分别为0. 167 d-1和0. 173 d-1;抚边河CDOM浓度低(0. 71 m-1)光降解现象不明显,杂谷脑河和岷江CDOM光降解行为较为复杂;②在光降解过程中,除岷江外其余4条河流荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)内源特征(FI)逐渐减弱,黑河和白河CDOM芳香性、疏水性特征(SUVA254和SUVA260)及腐殖化程度(HIXa)逐渐降低;③川西高原5条河流中FDOM组分均呈2类4个组分,即C1(275/310 nm,类酪氨酸)、C2 [280(250)/400 nm,UVA类腐殖质]和C3(255/440 nm,UVA类腐殖质)、C4[270(360)/492 nm,UVA类腐殖质],类腐殖质FDOM较易光降解;④5条河流中UVA类腐殖质FDOM(尤其是500 nm发射波段)光降解反应先于类酪氨酸物质;丘状高原河流中UVA类腐殖质FDOM对于光照的敏感度大于高山峡谷区河流;⑤白河的主成分分析中识别出了2个因子,解释了这些参数变化的87. 28%,反映了光降解过程对于CDOM特征、荧光组分等方面的影响.     

广州市城市热岛时间变化特征及与大气总悬浮颗粒物关系的研究(英文)

文章研究了1985-2005年期间广州市城市热岛强度时间变化及与大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度的关系.结果表明.由于经济的快速增长和城市化进程不断加快,广州市城市热岛效应十分明显,年平均热岛强度在0.20～2.10℃之间波动.受季风等大范围气候背景及降雨的影响,月平均热岛强度具有明显的季节变化特征,总体上呈"U"字形变化,其中7月份热岛强度最低,11月份最高.不同时次(02:00,08:00,14:00和20:00)的热岛强度以08:00时最高,而以14:00最低.最低温度下的热岛强度呈现出稳定增长的趋势(平均值为1.09℃),显示出广州近地面平均气温上升以最低温度最为明显.自1994年之后广州市大气总悬浮颗粒物水平呈现出明显的下降趋势,然而1982年到1998年期间仍然超过了国家大气质量二级标准所规定的浓度限值0.200 mg/m3.研究还表明,广州城市年平均热岛强度与年平均大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度之间存在显著的负相关,负相关系数为-0.676.尽管市区大气总悬浮颗粒物可以反射太阳辐射,降低日照时间,最终产生致冷效应,但是广州城市热岛效应是全球气候变暖下的大气增温和悬浮颗粒物降温之间平衡作用的结果.     

施用城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性及金属含量的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究城市污泥对杨树土壤化学特性、金属含量的影响。实验设置6个处理：4个不同用量的污泥处理：30（S1）、60（S2）、90（S3）和120 t.hm-2（S4）,以及对照（Control：不施加污泥和肥料）和无机复合肥处理（F：1.5 t.hm-2）。结果表明,施用污泥后,土壤有机质、全氮及全磷均提高,且随污泥施用量的增加而增加。S1~S4处理的土壤有机质、全氮及全磷较Control处理分别提高了32.50%~52.05%、32.00%~95.30%及75.43%~236.25%;较F处理分别提高了47.60%~69.37%、35.04%~99.70%及77.10%~239.46%。但污泥施用降低土壤pH和全钾质量分数,土壤pH较Control和F处理分别下降了0.11~0.42和0.01~0.32,但仍呈弱碱性;土壤全钾质量分数较Control和F处理分别降低了1.65%~21.51%和1.19%~21.14%。随污泥施用量的增加,土壤Cu、Zn、Ca和Na质量分数呈增加趋势,而Mn、Fe、Al、Mg质量分数呈降低趋势,其中Cu和Zn增加明显,并较Control处理分别增加了31.89%~104.36%和38.93%~358.02%,较F处理分别增加了23.10%~90.75%和37.88%~354.55%。总体而言,污泥施用于杨树后,可明显改善土壤的化学特性,但污泥施用量越大,土壤重金属Cu和Zn的质量分数残留越多。     

Modeling the carbon dynamics of the La Grande hydroelectric complex in northern Quebec

A mechanistic semi-empirical carbon cycle model of the La Grande reservoir complex in northern Quebec, Canada was conceived in order to investigate the climate impact of such a large alteration of the continental water cycle. The model includes inputs from the drainage basin, organic matter release from flooded soils, CO₂ emissions across the water-atmosphere interface and sedimentation. Most input data stems from previous research by our group on those ecosystems. The model includes the seven reservoirs of the La Grande complex and was run for periods of 50 and 100 years. Terrigeneous dissolved, particulate and suspended soil carbon fluxes and concentrations were computed. Over 100 years, 31.3 × 10¹² g C are released from flooded soils, equivalent to 28-29% of inputs from the drainage basin. 40-74% of dissolved organic carbon is mineralized. CO₂ fluxes over 100 years are 50.5-79.8 × 10¹² g C, 46.4-67.9 × 10¹² g C more than in the absence of reservoirs. The increase in mineralization of organic matter and in CO₂ emissions is a result of the increase in cumulated water residence time due to the creation of the reservoirs. Changes in other carbon sinks and sources likely offset a part of this additional carbon flux to the atmosphere. In the first years following flooding of the reservoir, organic carbon release from flooded soils exceeds CO₂ emissions, implying the downstream export of large quantities of eroded soil organic carbon. After this initial period, CO₂ emissions are fuelled by organic carbon originating from the drainage basin.