基于生物导向的水生态健康监测及评估概述

环境监测是水生态健康监测与评估的重要环节,基于物理、化学监测的传统水质监测通常仅能提供独立的数据信息,不能全面、直观地反映水环境状况。基于生物等生命体导向的水生态监测通过生物对环境的响应,能够直接反应复杂水体状况,在水环境健康监测与评估中占据重要地位。基于病原微生物、指示生物介绍了生物监测中的常规生物指标,总结了包括藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类在内的常见指示生物在不同类型污染水体中的环境指示作用。从生物毒性效应出发介绍了常用的毒性效应测试方法、分析了污染物在不同生物学水平的响应,从而指明生物毒性效应在水环境健康评估中的发展优势。再从生态完整性角度阐述了生态完整性评价的一般方法和新兴分子生物学技术在水生态健康评估中的应用。重点指出环境毒理学和分子生物学在水环境监测的优势,以期为更加科学精确地进行水生态健康监测预警提供支撑。     

考虑水流-结构强耦合作用的水流动力效应分析

在深水桥墩及桩基础等结构地震反应中,地震激励下的水流动水压力对水中结构的作用以及结构位形变化对水体的反作用,属于典型的流固强界面耦合问题.以一顶端伸出水面的圆柱式结构为研究对象,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉描述的Navier-stokes方程,建立了考虑水流-结构强耦合效应的水流-结构三维有限元模型.以正弦位移波输入,考察结...     

市政污泥热解过程中重金属迁移特性及环境效应评估

以昆明某市政污泥为原料,研究生物炭制备过程中重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni的迁移特性,并基于其潜在环境风险确定污泥基生物炭制备的最佳热解温度.本实验选择总量较高的4种重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni,采用BCR提取法测定不同热解温度下4种重金属的形态和含量变化,得到各金属的形态分布变化规律和迁移路径,利用潜在生态风险指数（PERI）和风险评估代码（RAC）对污泥基生物炭进行环境风险评估.结果表明,4种金属的易挥发程度排序为Zn > Mn > Fe > Ni,4种金属形态分布情况和变化规律各不相同,但迁移路径具有共通性.在低温热解阶段,不稳定形态向稳定形态转化;随着温度的升高,可氧化态和残渣态逐步分解破碎,部分逸散到大气中,部分形成可还原态.在环境风险评估方面,高温条件（>500℃）下制备的生物炭环境风险较低,500℃制备的生物炭经济性最好.     

淡水沉积物中Cd和Cu对河蚬的毒性效应研究

以淡水底栖动物河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为受试生物,研究了淡水沉积物中重金属Cd和Cu对河蚬的12h挖洞行为和10d存活率的影响.结果表明,河蚬对加标Cd和Cu的淡水沉积物均产生了明显的规避行为.在12h挖洞行为试验中,河蚬对沉积物中Cd的污染反应比Cu更加灵敏,暴露于Cd和Cu的10mg/kg的沉积物中时,河蚬的挖洞比率分别为0.39和0.43.在10d存活率试验中,河蚬的存活率随沉积物中Cd和Cu浓度的升高而降低.在Cd加标浓度为10mg/kg的沉积物中,河蚬的存活率为93.3%,当Cd加标浓度达到300mg/kg时,河蚬存活率降为43.3%;在Cu加标浓度为10mg/kg的沉积物中,河蚬存活率为96.3%;而当Cu加标浓度达到500mg/kg时,河蚬存活率降为34.3%.加标Cd和Cu的两种淡水沉积物对河蚬的LC₅₀分别为285、690mg/kg,表明河蚬对Cd的毒性反应更加灵敏.比较河蚬的挖洞行为和存活率对重金属Cd和Cu的指示作用,挖洞行为比存活率更加快捷,对沉积物中Cd和Cu的指示作用更加明显,故在沉积物重金属污染监测中应优先考虑挖洞行为.     

Biologic risk and source diagnose of 16 PAHs from Haihe River Basin,China

Surface sediments of rivers can exhibit spatial and temporal variations in contaminant concentrations that may significantly affect risk evaluations. As to pollution control and remediation of watershed, large-scale and further background data on PAHs in China were required urgently. Spatial distribution and compositional characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from Haihe River Basin were investigated. A method based on effects range (ER) was used to assess ecosystem risk of ∑PAHs (the total of 16 PAH) sensitively and accurately. The results indicated that ∑PAHs content levels ranged from 257 to 16901 μg·kg⁻¹ dry weight. The lower rings predominated in the samples, and 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs accounted for 12%, 21%, 30%, 30%, and 7% respectively in total PAHs. The ratio of Fl / (Fl+ Py) uniformly distributed in the interval 0.20–0.80, indicating that it may be affected by petroleum origin, oil combustion, biomass and coal combustion jointly. ∑PAHs in Cetian (S6), Dongwushi (S19), Handan (S20), Aixinzhuang (S21) and Tianjin (S37) exceeded effects range low (ERL), in which biologic effects were in a medium level with an adverse effect on biologic organisms. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen the PAHs monitoring and research of the Haihe River Basin.     

重金属和氯酚对霍甫水丝蚓的急性毒性及水环境安全评价

研究了Hg2+、Cr6+和Pb2+等重金属及2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚等氯酚类物质对霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)的急性毒性效应.结果表明, Hg2+、Cr6+和Pb2+对霍甫水丝蚓的96h-LC50分别为0.16,4.25,76.24mg/L;2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对霍甫水丝蚓的96h-LC50分别为20.73,7.86,2.42mg/L. 根据6种污染物对霍甫水丝蚓的毒性实验结果,预测水体中Hg2+、Cr6+和Pb2+对霍甫水丝蚓的安全浓度SC分别为16,425,7624μg/L,最大允许浓度分别为1.6,42.5,762.4μg/L;2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对霍甫水丝蚓的安全浓度SC分别为2073,786,242μg/L,最大允许浓度MPC分别为207.3,78.6,24.2μg/L.6种污染物的毒性评估结果显示,Hg2+对霍甫水丝蚓表现为极高毒性,Cr6+、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对其表现为高等毒性,Pb2+和2,4-二氯酚表现为中等毒性.3种重金属对其毒性顺序为:Hg2+ > Cr6+ > Pb2+;3种氯酚类物质对其毒性大小依次为:五氯酚 > 2,4,6-三氯酚 > 2,4-二氯酚.     

春季不同天气城市街头绿地内PM2.5质量浓度分布特征研究

于2012年春季,采用水平分布监测法监测了3种天气下距交通污染源不同距离的街头绿地中的PM2.5质量浓度,研究了不同天气下PM2.5的日变化、水平分布规律及绿地对PM2.5的净化效应,为城市街头绿地、城市公园建设及市民合理选择休闲锻炼时间和地点提供理论依据。结果表明：1）晴天和多云时,PM2.5质量浓度上午高于下午,7：00浓度最高,15：00最低;雨后阴天基本保持上升趋势。2）PM2.5日均质量浓度为晴天（61.67μg·m-3）〈多云（187.98μg·m-3）〈雨后阴天（291.48μg·m-3）。晴天除5：00和7：00外,其他时刻均达到国家二级标准,且13：00—15：00达到国家一类功能区空气质量要求;多云和雨后阴天PM2.5质量浓度分别超过国家二级浓度限值150.6%和288.6%。3）观测时段内,无论哪种天气,5：00、7：00、11：00和15：00绿地的净化功能较强,19：00净化功能均最差,所有监测点无一例外的表现为负效应。4）3种天气下,PM2.5质量浓度在距离道路10~25 m最高,绿地的净化效应最差,55 m外基本可以形成稳定的森林内环境。5）在南方高湿环境下,空气相对湿度是影响PM2.5质量浓度的主要因素,晴天和多云天气PM2.5浓度与相对湿度呈显著正相关,而雨后阴天二者呈负相关关系。6）在一定阈值内,街头绿地能够缓解PM2.5污染,为居民提供良好的休闲环境。从游憩时间来看,市民可以选择晴天进入街头绿地休闲,多云和雨后阴天尽量减少外出;从活动最佳地段来看,距离污染源55 m以上适宜休闲锻炼;从街头绿地的规划面积来看,半径以不小于55 m为宜。     

有色金属冶炼区铊(Tl)的水环境分布特征与环境对策--以大冶冶炼厂地区的东岗河为例

以大冶冶炼厂地区的东岗河为例,分析有色金属冶炼区铊的水环境分布特征,结果表明：河水中的铊含量明显异常(严重污染区的平均含量为15．07ng／mL。远超过饮用水源水中铊的最高允许浓度0．1ng／mL)．且与水体pH值、Cu^2 、Pb^2 等含量显著相关;铊与Pb等亲铜元素呈类质同像。宏观上与方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿等伴生．因此后者成为研究区铊的重要来源。最后,对铊所造成的环境危害效应．提出相应的解决对策,并提醒人们提高对铊污染的警惕性以及加深对铊的研究。     

The cytotoxicity of nici2 for mammalian cells in culture†

The effects of NiCl₂ were studied in two human cell lines, HeLa and diploid embryonic fibroblasts as well as in V79 Chinese hamster cells and in L‐A mouse fibroblasts. NiCl₂ produces a dose‐dependent depression of proliferation, mitotic rate, and viability, accompanied by an increasing release of lactic dehydrogenase and stimulation of lactic acid production. The plating efficiency is reduced, as are DNA and protein synthesis and, to a lesser degree, RNA synthesis.

The cytotoxicity of NiCl₂ is comparable in degree to those of PbCl₂ and MnCl₂, but is weaker than those of HgCl₂ and CdCl₂. However, the different sensitivities of different cell lines must also be considered.

NiCl₂ effects are more severe in serum‐free medium than in medium containing serum or serum albumin indicating that serum constituents, notably albumin, bind the metal effectively and inhibit cellular uptake; this confirms earlier reports on the serum binding and slow uptake of NiCl₂.

Synchronized cells are most sensitive in the Gl and early S phases of the cell cycle. In the Painter test the depression of DNA synthesis persists following cessation of exposure to NiCI₂. These findings contribute an explanation for the known genotoxic effects of nickel.     

Biological effects of selenium and relationships with carcinogenesis†

Selenium is an element that is both essential, at low levels of dietary intake, and toxic, at high levels, to man and a wide range of animals. The purpose of the communication is to review the evidence for the involvement of hyper‐ and hypo‐selenosis in the aetiology of cancer. High levels of selenium intake have been blamed for an increase in cancer, dental caries and an array of other conditions. Critical evaluation of the evidence, however, leads to the conclusion that such claims have little substance. On the other hand, low levels of selenium intake may be associated with an increased incidence of certain forms of cancer and there appears to be an inverse relationship between blood selenium levels and cancer death rate in the United States. Keshan Disease, in the People's Republic of China has only been shown to occur in populations severely depleted of selenium. In well nourished populations there is no evidence to indicate that selenium supplements have any prophylactic or therapeutic benefit against human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease or cystic fibrosis.