长江中游荆南三口断流时间演变特征及其影响机制

研究河道断流演变特征对认识区域水文过程及人类活动具有重要作用。论文依据1951—2014年水文气候实测数据,运用Mann-Kendall检验法,以及蒸散发-断流天数和降水-径流双累积曲线统计模型等方法分析了长江中游荆南三口断流时间演变特征及其影响机制,结果表明：1）对各时期荆南三口平均断流天数而言,1951—2014年呈逐期増加趋势,且趋势性变化显著,而在2003—2014年间,断流天数虽也增加,但趋势性变化不显著,即增加趋势逐渐减缓;2）影响荆南三口断流天数增减変化的是径流变化过程,而导致径流变化的又是以降水和蒸散发为代表的气候因素和以水利工程、各行业（农业）用水为标志的人类活动;3）影响荆南三口断流天数持续增加的主要驱动因素是人类活动,以各自时段前一时段为基准期,1959—1966、1967—1972、1973—1980、1981—2002、2003—2014年的5个变异期中,气候波动对荆南三口断流天数增加的贡献率依次为24.93%、19.05%、6.36%、10.38%、7.56%;人类活动影响的贡献率分别为75.07%、80.95%、93.64%、89.62%、92.44%。     

基于GIS的城市工程地质环境质量变权评价

城市工程地质环境质量传统评价方法中,指标权重确定后,无论各指标值如何变化,指标权重值总是固定不变,无法反映各项指标内部差异性对城市工程地质环境质量的影响,进而影响评价结果的客观公正性。为此,将变权原理引入城市工程地质环境质量评价。根据城市工程地质环境特点及评价精度要求,构建城市工程地质环境质量评价指标体系,采用分段强惩罚-激励型变权模型,并结合GIS空间分析功能对其进行评价。以郑州市为例,采用常权和变权两种方法对其工程地质环境质量进行评价。结果表明,变权评价结果与常权评价结果趋势性较为一致,且变权评价结果比常权评价结果更易区分评价等级,在一定程度上避免了常权法在权重分配中的缺陷,充分体现了各项评价指标内部差异性对城市工程地质环境质量整体性的影响,提高了城市工程地质环境质量评价等级的可信度。     

Assessing the Effectiveness of Winter Cover Crops for Controlling Agricultural Nutrient Losses

A nutrient loss reduction strategy is necessary to guide the efforts of improving water quality downstream of an agricultural watershed. In this study, the effectiveness of two winter cover crops, namely cereal rye and annual ryegrass, is explored as a loss reduction strategy in a watershed that ultimately drains into a water supply reservoir. Using a coupled optimization-watershed model, optimal placements of the cover crops were identified that would result in the tradeoffs between nitrate-N losses reduction and adoption levels. Analysis of the 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% adoption levels extracted from the optimal tradeoffs showed that the cover crop placements would provide annual nitrate-N loss reductions of 3.0%–3.7%, 7.8%–8.8%, 15%–17.5%, and 20.9%–24.3%, respectively. In addition, for the same adoption levels (i.e., 10%–75%), sediment (1.8%–17.7%), and total phosphorus losses (0.8%–8.6%) could be achieved. Results also indicate that implementing each cover crop on all croplands of the watershed could cause annual water yield reduction of at least 4.8%, with greater than 28% in the months of October and November. This could potentially be detrimental to the storage volume of the downstream reservoir, especially in drought years, if cover crops are adopted in most of the reservoir's drainage area. Evaluating water yield impacts, particularly in periods of low flows, is thus critical if cover crops are to be considered as best management practices in water supply watersheds.     

Changes in electrical generator cooling systems: Are they cost-effective sources of water now and under climate change?

In the United States, thermal power plant electrical generators (EGs) are large water diverters and consumptive users who need water for cooling. Retrofitting existing cooling systems to dry cooling and building new facilities with dry cooling can save water and reduce EG's vulnerability to drought. However, this can be an expensive source of water. We estimate that the cost of water saved by retrofitting cooling in existing EGs ranges from $0.04/m³ to $18/m³ depending on facility characteristics. Also water savings from building new EGs with dry cooling ranges in cost per unit water from $1.29/m³ to $2.24/m³. We compare costs with that for water development projects identified in the Texas State Water Plan. We find the water cost from converting to dry cooling is lower than many of the water development possibilities. We then estimate the impact of climate change on the cost of water saved, finding climate change can increase EG water use by up to 9.3% and lower the costs of water saved. Generally, it appears that water planners might consider cooling alterations as a cost competitive water development alternative whose cost would be further decreased by climate change.     

测控系统及组态软件在危险环境中的应用

为了及时有效地监测与控制危险环境中的易燃易爆危险品,设计并组建了实验室条件下模拟监控应用系统,通过组态软件完成实时监测与控制.对模拟试验中数据处理方法和参数设计也进行了相关研究.     

Towards a long-term integrated monitoring programme in Europe: network design in theory and practice

Long-term integrated monitoring is an important approach forinvestigating, detecting and predicing the effects ofenvironmental changes. Currently, European freshwaters,glaciers, forests and other narural and semi-natural ecosystemsand habitats are monitored by a number of networks establishedby different organisations. However, many monitoring programmeshave a narrow focus (e.g. targeting individual ecosystems) andmost have different measurement protocols and sampling design.This has resulted in poor integration of ecosystem monitoring ata European level, leading to some overlapping of efforts and alack of harmonised data to inform policy decisions. The need fora consistent pan-European long-term integrated monitoring ofterrestrial systems programme is recognised in the scientificcommunity. However, the design of such a system can be problematic, not least because of the constraints imposed bythe need to make maximum use of existing sites and networks.Based on the outcomes of the NoLIMITS project (Networking ofLong-term Integrated Monitoring in Terrestrial Systems), thisarticle reviews issues that should be addressed in designing aprogramme based on existing monitoring sites and networks. Fourmajor design issues are considered: (i) users' requirements,(ii) the need to address multiple objectives, (iii) role ofexisting sites and (iv) operational aspects.     

光纤传感器FBG和BOTDR应用于结构监测的若干比较研究

对建筑结构进行健康监测,可以防止和避免灾害的发生。传感器的选择和使用是进行结构监测时首先要考虑的问题。光纤传感器是一种新型的传感器,因种类不同在性能方面也相差较大。FBG(FiberBraggGating,光纤Bragg光栅)和BOTDR(BrillouinOpticalTimeDomainReflectometry,布里渊光时域反射计)是近些年来发展比较快的光纤传感器,本文介绍了这两种光纤传感器,并着重从两者传感的基本原理、传感系统组成、温度补偿研究和性能优劣等方面进行了详细的比较,得出了各自作为结构监测传感器的优缺点,为今后的监测选用提供了依据,使应用两者时能够做到扬长避短。     

Effect of two TiO2 nanoparticles on the growth of unicellular green algae using the OECD 201 test guideline: influence of the exposure system

This work aimed at assessing the influence of different exposure systems to perform the commonly used OECD 201 freshwater algal growth inhibition test in the context of nanoparticles hazard assessment. Two distinct TiO₂ nanoparticles were considered and three different exposure systems were investigated: Erlenmeyers flasks and 24-well microplates (both using an orbital shake system), and an alternative system using cylindrical vials and magnetic stirring. All three systems are in accordance with the OECD 201 test guideline recommendations. We concluded that the exposure systems applied to achieve the test can substantially affect the ecotoxicological results and the subsequent calculated ECx. The selected systems influenced both the interaction between algal cells and TiO₂ nanoparticles as well as the growth inhibition recorded. Disparities in ecotoxicity relative to the TiO₂ nanoparticles tested were also observed and are finally discussed.     

Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH₃-N and NO₃-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.     

水利工程对南四湖现代沉积速率的影响

利用放射性同位素(137Cs、210Pb)测年法计算山东省南四湖的沉积速率,采用高纯锗γ谱仪(美国EG&G ORTEC公司)对南四湖上级湖、下级湖的沉积岩柱(DS2和WS2)样品进行137Cs、210Pb放射性活度测试,分析水利工程建设对湖泊沉积影响的程度与后果. 结果表明:上级湖、下级湖137Cs总蓄积量之比为9.7,说明在二级坝水利工程影响下,流域内侵蚀泥沙及其所吸附的137Cs主要沉积于上级湖;137Cs在湖泊沉积物中的剖面分布与137Cs大气沉降时序的分布模式相背离,故137Cs蓄积峰不具备时标意义. 利用210Pb计年的CRS(恒定补给速率)模式分析2个沉积岩柱不同质量深度所对应的年代,结果显示,150多年来南四湖上级湖、下级湖的沉积速率不稳定,以1960年为界划分为两大时段:沉积岩柱底部所对应的年代至1960年,上级湖、下级湖沉积速率平均值分别为0.069、0.160 g/(cm2·a);1960—2010年,二者沉积速率平均值分别为0.218、0.072 g/(cm2·a). 可见,二级坝水利工程对南四湖沉积速率产生了重要影响,210Pb计年的CRS模式分析结果可靠.