采矿业污染河流底泥及河漫滩沉积物的粒径组成与砷形态分布特征

采用连续提取法分析了刁江底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷的形态变化规律及其与沉积物粒径组成的关系.结果表明,刁江流域底泥和河漫滩沉积物中As含量分布存在差异,底泥中As主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,河漫滩沉积物中As主要赋存在63μm粒级颗粒中.底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷主要以铁合态、钙合态和残渣态的形式存在,且残渣态比例相对较高,表现出典型的尾砂污染特征.底泥中残渣态砷(Res-As)组成比例总体较高,主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,而洪水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As组成比例相对较低,这与不同沉积物中硫化态砷的氧化反应差异有关.对于中下游河段,底泥和中水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,铁合态砷(Fe-As)组成比例的分布与Res-As呈相反的趋势.     

淤地坝坝地淤积与侵蚀性降雨的灰色关联分析

水土流失是黄土高原地区重要的环境问题之一,淤地坝措施作为该区水土流失治理的重要工程措施之一发挥了巨大作用,但其淤积过程与水毁机理的研究较少.本文在全面调查黄土高原淤地坝的基础上,选取典型淤地坝,挖取剖面进行测量和分层取样,利用库容曲线和实测每个淤积层的淤积厚度求得每层淤积泥沙量,运用灰色关联分析法,系统地研究了侵蚀性降雨的4个指标(降雨侵蚀力R、降雨量P、最大30 min降雨强度,I30、平均降雨强度 I)与坝地泥沙淤积量之间的关联度.结果表明,降雨侵蚀力 R和坝地泥沙淤积量的发展趋势最为密切,呈幂函数关系;降雨量 P对淤积量的影响仅次于降雨侵蚀力,其关系呈指数型;最大30 min降雨强度,I30和平均降雨强度I对坝地泥沙淤积量的影响较小.     

Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of selected woody plants for revegetation in copper (Cu) and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailing areas. Five woody species (Amorpha fruticosa Linn, Vitex trifolia Linn: var. simplicifolia Cham, Glochidion puberum (Linn.) Hutch, Broussonetia papyrifera, and Styrax tonkinensis) and one herbaceous species (Sesbania cannabina Pers) were planted in Cu and Pb/Zn tailings to assess their growth, root morphology, nutrition uptake, metal accumulation, and translocation in plants. Amorpha fruticosa maintained normal growth, while the other species demonstrated stress related growth and root development. Sesbania cannabina showed the highest biomass among the plants, although it decreased by 30% in Cu tailings and 40% in Pb/Zn tailings. Calculated tolerance index (TI) values suggested that A. fruticosa, an N-fixing shrub, was the most tolerant species to both tailings (TI values 0.92–1.01), while S. cannabina had a moderate TI of 0.65–0.81 and B. papyrifera was the most sensitive species, especially to Pb/Zn tailings (TI values 0.15–0.19). Despite the high concentrations of heavy metals in the mine tailings and plants roots, only a small transfer of these elements to the aboveground parts of the woody plants was evident from the low translocation factor (TF) values. Among the woody plants, V. trifolia var. simplicifolia had the highest TF values for Zn (1.32), Cu (0.78), and Pb/Zn (0.78). The results suggested that A. fruticosa and S. cannabina, which have the highest tolerance and biomass production, respectively, demonstrated the potential for tailings revegetation in southern China.     

铜矿尾矿库无土修复植物营养元素含量特征

分析了安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿杨山冲尾矿库10种无土修复植物中10种营养元素含量特征。结果表明：平均含量大于1000μg·g^-1的元素有7个,含量从太到小顺序为Ca〉N〉S〉K〉Fe〉Mg〉P;平均含量为100μg·g^-1～1000μg·g^-1。的元素有3个,含量从大到小的顺序为Na〉Si〉Mn。营养元素含量的变异系数...     

基于GDEM-PDyna的尾矿库溃坝三维数值模拟分析研究*

为进一步探究尾矿坝溃决后特有泥石流运移规律,掌握坝体破坏前至溃坝结束全流程发展状态,依托广东省某案例尾矿库为研究对象,采用基于有限元与离散元耦合方法的GDEM-PDyna软件构建泥石流类流体下泄演化数值模型,开展尾矿坝溃决演化分析,动态模拟尾矿库溃决过程中泥砂运动规律及淹没范围,并与MIKE 21软件计算结果进行对比。研究结果表明:尾矿坝溃决后,泥石流类流体流速升高、持续时间较短且尾砂流量发展迅速,2种模拟方法对比结果表明溃坝后坝基位置下泄流量变化与下游敏感点溃坝淹没深度变化情况一致。研究结果可为实现尾矿库下游重点区域灾害评估提供量化支撑,可有效提高尾矿坝溃决后灾害影响评估的精准性。     

重庆秀山锰矿区土壤和植物锰污染调查与评价

文章通过现场取样对重庆秀山锰矿区锰污染状况进行了调查分析。应用地积累指数法对锰矿区矿渣堆以及农田土壤Mn污染进行评价,结果表明矿区土壤及部分农田土壤Mn污染极其严重。矿区植物对Mn的吸收表现为富集型植物(如垂序商陆Phytolacca americana Linn.)、根部囤积型植物(如紫花香薷Elsholfizia argyi Levl.)、规避型植物(如长波叶山蚂蝗Desmodium sequax Wall.),可根据其特点通过制定合理的植被恢复措施修复Mn污染土壤。采用单项污染指数法对矿区种植蔬菜的Mn污染水平进行评价,发现辣椒、萝卜的食用部分受Mn污染极严重,长期食用这些蔬菜对人体健康存在很大风险。     

Reservoir Sedimentation Rates in the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed,Oklahoma: Measurement and Controlling Factors

Forty‐five flood control reservoirs, authorized in the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act 1954, were installed by United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) between 1969 and 1982 in the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW), located in central Oklahoma. Over time, these reservoirs have lost sediment and flood storage capacity due to sedimentation, with rates dependent on upstream land use and climate variability. In this study, sedimentation rates for 12 reservoirs representing three major land use categories within LWREW were measured based on bathymetric surveys that used acoustic profiling system. Physiographic and climate attributes of drainage area of surveyed reservoirs were extracted from publicly available data sources including topographic maps, digital elevation models, USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service soils, and weather station databases. Correlation, principal component analysis, and stepwise regression were utilized to analyze the relationship between normalized reservoir sedimentation rates (ReSRa) and the drainage area characteristics to determine the major variables controlling sedimentation within the LWREW. Percent of drainage area with extreme slopes, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and maximum daily rainfall event recorded in spring explained most of the variability in ReSRa. It was also found that percent reduction in reservoir surface area can be used as a surrogate for estimating ReSRa. The implications of the results are discussed.     

Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Reliability of Water and Hydropower Supply from a Multipurpose Dam in South Korea

Future climate change is a source of growing concerns for the supply of energy and resources, and it may have significant impacts on industry and the economy. Major effects are likely to arise from changes to the freshwater resources system, due to the connection of energy generation to these water systems. Using future climate data downscaled by a stochastic weather generator, this study investigates the potential impacts of climate change on long‐term reservoir operations at the Chungju multipurpose dam in South Korea, specifically considering the reliability of the supply of water and hydropower. A reservoir model, Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Reservoir System Simulation (HEC‐ResSim), was used to simulate the ability of the dam to supply water and hydropower under different conditions. The hydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to determine the HEC‐ResSim boundary conditions, including daily dam inflow from the 6,642 km² watershed into the 2.75 Gm³ capacity reservoir. Projections of the future climate indicate that temperature and precipitation during 2070‐2099 (2080s) show an increase of +4.1°C and 19.4%, respectively, based on the baseline (1990‐2009). The results from the models suggest that, in the 2080s, the average annual water supply and hydropower production would change by +19.8 to +56.5% and by +33.9 to 92.3%, respectively. Model simulations suggest that under the new climatic conditions, the reliability of water and hydropower supply would be generally improved, as a consequence of increased dam inflow.     

刁江底泥砷形态的化学分级法与XANES方法比较

采用XANES(X射线近边分析)方法和化学分级法,研究了刁江污染源区尾砂及刁江底泥的砷形态组成特征. XANES方法结果表明,尾砂中砷的形态主要以毒砂(FeAsS)存在,其相对百分含量为63%~99%;而刁江底泥中的砷形态主要是毒砂、砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐,其中毒砂的比例较高,表现出典型的尾砂污染特征. 化学分级法结果表明,尾砂中砷形态主要是残渣态砷(Res-As),而底泥中的砷主要以铁合态、钙合态及残渣态形式存在. 刁江底泥中毒砂相对百分含量和残渣态砷随着与污染源区距离的增大而减小,砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐则呈相反的趋势. 化学分级法和XANES方法所反映的刁江底泥和污染源的砷形态组成和变化趋势总体上较为一致,但这2种方法所获得的定量数据存在一定的差异.      

筋带密度对尾矿坝漫顶破坏规律影响研究

基于相似理论和溃决侵蚀原理,进行不同加筋密度条件下尾矿坝洪水漫顶破坏模 型试验,探析了筋带密度对尾矿坝漫顶破坏影响规律。试验结果发现:①随着筋带密度 的增加显著提升了尾矿坝的力学强度,但也导致了坝体内的浸润线升高;②筋带密度的 增加使溃口由“Y”型逐渐向“H”型转变;③筋带密度的增加阻滞了漫坝破坏的发展, 坝体位移及内部应力变化量明显减小;④增加筋带密度提高了坝体的抗冲刷能力,减弱 了洪水对蚀沟两岸尾砂的拉拽作用,保证了蚀沟两翼坝体的稳定;⑤随着筋带密度增加 ,可有效减小坝体位移和溃口深度、宽度的发展,当筋带超过2层后,筋带层数的增加 对坝体溃口宽、深基本无影响。研究成果深入探析了筋带密度对漫顶破坏影响规律,在 尾矿坝加筋研究方面提供了科学依据。