基于灰色系统理论的尾矿库坝体形变位移预测方法

为了降低尾矿库在金属非金属矿山安全生产中的危险,提高尾矿库在线监测数据的准确性,提高尾矿库工程溃决的预报预测水平,将尾矿库坝体形变位移作为研究重点,以在线监测技术测得的数值为原始数据,利用灰色系统理论的方法,以时间为主线,建立尾矿库坝体位移数学模型.最后,进行了工程实际坝体形变位移预测,结果表明,利用灰色系统理论建立的模型进行预测可以排除天气、人工、现场条件等许多因素的影响,为人工监测提供可靠依据.     

土石坝震损机理及震害影响因素研究

汶川8.0级地震造成主震区四川省境内1997座水库的坝体、溢洪道、输水管、管理房等水利设施不同程度的损毁,不仅无法实现水利功能,而且面临洪水威胁.汶川地震中土石坝典型震害包括裂缝、滑坡、渗漏以及坝体沉陷等.在调查主震区土石坝地震损毁特点的基础上,分析了均质土坝、面板堆石坝、心墙坝等坝型主要震害产生的原因,阐述了影响土石坝震害程度的诸多因素及其作用方式,控制性因素主要有外部因素如场地类别、地震动参数,坝体内部因素如坝料特性、坝型及坝高、坝坡坡率等.     

Evaluation of a System to Automatically Sample Zooplankton From the Discharge of Dams1

ABSTRACT: Automatic plankton samplers installed at two dams on the Connecticut River Continuously monitored crustacean zooplankton from October 1977 through 1979 and allowed a significant reduction in man-hours involved in an extensive sampling program. Automatic samplers efficiently sampled most species and size classes of crustacean zooplankton in a similar, but not consistently identical manner as a commonly used towed-net plankton sampler. The smallest sized zooplankton were captured more efficiently than the largest. Mesh selection and sampler avoidance exerted different influences on automatic samplers and towed nets. Future use of the samplers and direct comparison of results to results obtained by other methods was supported.     

The International Environmental Expert Panel for Major Dam/Reservoir Projects: The Yellow River, China

The experience of the International Expert Panel on Environment for the Xiaolangdi dam/reservoir project in China (XEP) showed that the Panel meetings resulted in a marked improvement in project environmental performance by all parties participating in project implementation, with no parties exempt from the Panel's evaluations. Unfortunately the Loan Agreement authorizes use of the Panel only through the project stages of final design and construction, hence the 12th Panel meeting, which matched project construction completion, ended this series. The Panel has recommended that some meetings of the Panel be held during the project's operations stage in order to maintain continuing attention to environmental needs. The XEP experience showed that the XEP, in addition to monitoring project environmental performance, was very valuable for (i) training of Chinese staff involved in project implementation, and (ii) serving in the role as expert consultant for guiding the work of the Chinese participants. The XEP experience also showed the need for making a clear separation between evaluation, the overall resettlement program per se, and the environmental effects of the program. The Panel recommended that the Ministry of Water Resources and World Bank cooperate in sponsoring a book on The Environmental History of the Xiaolangdi Project, including both dam construction as well as resettlement problems, which would serve as a very valuable reference for guiding environmental planning for future dam projects in China (Ludwig, H.F. 1994–2000).     

DAM‐INDUCED MODIFICATIONS TO UPPER ALLEGHENY RIVER STREAMFLOW PATTERNS AND THEIR BIODIVERSITY IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: This study evaluates the streamflow characteristics of the upper Allegheny River during the periods preceding (1936 to 1965) and following (1966 to 1997) completion of the Kinzua Dam in northwestern Pennsylvania. Inter‐period trends in seasonal patterns of discharge and peak flow at three downstream sites are compared to those at two upstream sites to determine the influence of this large dam on surface water hydrology. Climatic records indicate that significant changes in annual total and seasonal precipitation occurred over the twentieth century. Increased runoff during the late summer through early winter led to increased discharge both upstream and downstream during these months, while slightly less early‐year rainfall produced minor reductions in spring flood peaks since 1966. The Kinzua Dam significantly enhanced these trends downstream, creating large reductions in peak flow, while greatly augmenting low flow during the growing season. This reduction in streamflow variability, coupled with other dam‐induced changes, has important biodiversity implications. The downstream riparian zone contains numerous threatened/endangered species, many of which are sensitive to the type of habitat modifications produced by the dam. Flood dynamics under the current post‐dam conditions are likely to compound the difficulties of maintaining their long‐term viability.     

A LAW AND ECONOMICS APPROACH TO RESOLVING RESERVOIR SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT CONFLICTS1

The loss of the world's reservoir capacity to sedimentation can be mitigated by altering dam operations to release sediment downstream. However, legal uncertainty regarding whether dam owners are liable for damages to surrounding landowners due to altered operations provides a significant disincentive for sustainable sediment management. Past work recommends that courts apply a “rule of reasonableness” in assessing liability: dam owners should be held liable for damages only if they act unreasonably in altering operations, and surrounding landowners should take reasonable measures to mitigate foreseeable damage. Based on past cases, judicial determinations of reasonable reservoir management and reasonable precautionary measures by landowners are generally highly speculative, controversial, and based on limited information. Courts can ease the future burden of making these difficult determinations with rulings that create economic incentives for parties to act reasonably. For example, courts might entitle landowners to be free from sediment related damages, and protect the entitlement with a liability rule. This gives dam owners an economic incentive to release sediment only if the benefits of doing so outweigh court ordered damages to landowners. Past judicial decisions are largely consistent with this legal regime.     

不同来源重金属污染的土壤对水稻的影响

采用人工污染土壤、尾矿砂、污泥等不同载体的污染源来模拟土壤污染 ,研究其对水稻生长、吸收养分和吸收重金属的影响。结果表明 ,不同污染载体对水稻生长的影响不同 ,其影响的大小顺序为人工污染土壤 >尾矿砂 >污泥 >尾矿砂 +污泥。不同污染载体对水稻吸收重金属的影响亦不同 ,以纯化学试剂的形式添加到土壤中的重金属最易被提取出来 ,植物从中吸收的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd最多 ,而从以污泥为污染载体的土壤中吸收的Zn、Pb、Cd最少。研究表明 ,用添加纯化学试剂的方法来模拟污染土壤对生态与环境的影响是可行的 ,确定土壤负载容量是安全的 ,因为在实验条件下它对供试植物的影响最明显     

面板砂砾石坝异常状态渗流计算及稳定分析

运用非饱和土渗流与强度理论,把渗流计算的水力条件用于边坡稳定分析之中,对沟后面板砂砾石坝进行了渗流场分析与边坡稳定计算,得到一些新的结论,可补充以前相关的研究结果。计算结果表明:坝料填筑分离造成的渗透各向异性尽管使浸润线升高,但是由于水平排水能力的提高反而使坝体的孔隙水压力总体上降低,从而也就提高了边坡的抗滑稳定安全性;当顶部面板与坝体脱开并导致异常状态渗流时,坝体顶部有一饱和区并且渗流出逸点很高,但坝体中部仍未饱和,异常状态渗流增加的孔隙水压力有限,对坝坡的抗滑稳定影响也很小,因此,按照最高浸润线的位置确定孔隙水压力进行抗滑稳定计算会导致错误的结果;坝顶异常状态渗流增加的孔隙水压力并不会导致下游坝坡滑动失稳,而坝体顶部渗透破坏会导致局部坍塌,最终发生溃坝事故。     

思林水电站碾压混凝土坝的渗流分析

碾压混凝土重力坝的坝身及地基渗径是筑坝中的关键技术问题。文章是以思林水电站碾压混凝土重力坝为研究对象,以大型通用有限元软件ANSYS为平台,其核心是对坝基有相互作用的整体坝段数值模型的建立以及利用程序对典型坝段的渗流场进行二维有限元渗流计算分析,研究碾压混凝土坝渗透特性及其影响因素,并证明了这种分析方法的可行性。     

活性滤坝对城市内河中氮磷的削减效果

城市内河氮磷严重超标是当前水污染治理的重要难题。针对内河具有旱季水位低、水流速度慢、自净能力差等特点,提出采用活性滤坝削减氮磷,以铝基锁磷剂和沸石为活性滤坝基质滤料,实验室静态和动态实验研究了活性滤坝削减氮磷效果,讨论了基质滤料组合方式对削减氮磷效果影响,同时采用曲线方程拟合分析方法预测了活性滤坝吸附氮磷有效使用时间。静态实验结果表明,在控制进水氨氮15 mg·L⁻¹和正磷酸盐5 mg·L⁻¹情况下,实验历时20 d,活性滤坝对氨氮和正磷酸盐削减率分别为98.02%和100%,混合滤坝组削减氮磷效果最佳;动态实验结果表明,控制水中氨氮和正磷酸盐为8~15 mg·L⁻¹和2.5~5 mg·L⁻¹,流速为8.33 cm·h ⁻¹,实验历时37 d,完成氮和磷循环分别为11次和16次,拟合曲线方程预测混合滤坝组削减氨氮和正磷酸盐的有效使用时间分别为282 d和479 d。以上研究结果可为城市内河道修复提供技术参考。