国内尾矿库物理模型试验研究现状分析*

为提高尾矿库物理试验的科学性与可靠性,采用文献资料收集与分析方法,对国内尾矿库物理模型试验的研究现状与主要成果进行梳理和归纳;总结试验模型存在的问题与不足。结果表明:溃坝机理试验主要研究了管涌渗透、洪水漫顶、地震作用下的溃坝及其演化过程;下游演进试验主要揭示了溃坝过程中泥深、冲击力、流速、泄砂量、淹没范围等时空分布规律;稳定性评价试验主要利用物理试验得到的浸润线位置、尾砂沉积分布等数据建立数值模型,对尾矿库筑坝过程、不同工程状况下的稳定性进行分析;防护试验主要对坝体加筋及拦挡坝防护效果等进行研究。从溃坝机理与过程、溃坝主要影响因素、溃坝下泄物运移过程、物理模型设计和构建、监测技术和手段等方面提出相应的研究建议,供研究学者参考借鉴。     

大坝安全监测的现状与发展趋势

阐述了大坝安全监测的内涵及意义。分别从大坝安全监测的内容、思维、分析方法和技术手段四个方面介绍了大坝安全监测的现状和发展趋势,并指出自动化、数字化、一体化、效益化是大坝安全监测的最终发展方向。     

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin,Ethiopia1

Kim, Ungtae and Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, 2009. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1361‐1378. Abstract: Climate change affects water resources availability of international river basins that are vulnerable to runoff variability of upstream countries especially with increasing water demands. The upper Blue Nile River Basin is a good example because its downstream countries, Sudan and Egypt, depend solely on Nile waters for their economic development. In this study, the impacts of climate change on both hydrology and water resources operations were analyzed using the outcomes of six different general circulation models (GCMs) for the 2050s. The outcomes of these six GCMs were weighted to provide average future changes. Hydrologic sensitivity, flow statistics, a drought index, and water resources assessment indices (reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability) were used as quantitative indicators. The changes in outflows from the two proposed dams (Karadobi and Border) to downstream countries were also assessed. Given the uncertainty of different GCMs, the simulation results of the weighted scenario suggested mild increases in hydrologic variables (precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and runoff) across the study area. The weighted scenario also showed that low‐flow statistics and the reliability of streamflows are increased and severe drought events are decreased mainly due to increased precipitation. Joint dam operation performed better than single dam operation in terms of both hydropower generation and mean annual storage without affecting the runoff volume to downstream countries, but enhancing flow characteristics and the robustness of streamflows. This study provides useful information to decision makers for the planning and management of future water resources of the study area and downstream countries.     

我国尾矿库安全现状分析及管理对策研究

该文首先从规模等别情况、安全生产许可证领取情况、设计状况、服务年限情况、筑坝方式、尾矿库安全度状况、应急预案编制情况、评价状况、排洪设施完好情况、下游情况、库区内违章情况等11个当面对全国尾矿库数据进行了统计,综合分析了目前我国尾矿库安全现状。然后,根据尾矿库安全现状,分析了目前我国尾矿库安全管理存在的主要问题。最后,针对存在的问题,提出了我国尾矿库安全管理建议。     

大冶龙角山地区土壤中重金属污染现状与评价

为了研究大冶龙角山地区尾砂坝内尾砂排放对下游耕地土壤中重金属含量的影响,本文对尾矿坝及河流两岸的耕地进行布点采样,通过等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP—OES）测定土壤中A5、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn6种重金属的含量,并用污染指数法进行分析评价。旨在调查研究的基础上,使人们认识当地重金属污染的严重性,加大环境保护力度。     

土石坝震损机理及震害影响因素研究

汶川8.0级地震造成主震区四川省境内1997座水库的坝体、溢洪道、输水管、管理房等水利设施不同程度的损毁,不仅无法实现水利功能,而且面临洪水威胁.汶川地震中土石坝典型震害包括裂缝、滑坡、渗漏以及坝体沉陷等.在调查主震区土石坝地震损毁特点的基础上,分析了均质土坝、面板堆石坝、心墙坝等坝型主要震害产生的原因,阐述了影响土石坝震害程度的诸多因素及其作用方式,控制性因素主要有外部因素如场地类别、地震动参数,坝体内部因素如坝料特性、坝型及坝高、坝坡坡率等.     

Demolish it and They Will Come: Estimating the Economic Impacts of Restoring a Recreational Fishery1

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an ex post survey of recreational anglers for the lower Kennebec River, post‐Edwards Dam removal. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents one of the first ex post analyses of fisheries restoration from dam removal. We find significant benefits have accrued to anglers using the restored fishery. Specifically, anglers are spending more to visit the fishery, a direct indication of the increased value anglers place on the improved fishery. Anglers are also willing to pay for increased angling opportunities on the river. These findings have policy implications for other privately owned dams that are currently undergoing relicensing and/or dam removal considerations. Our findings may also hold implications for fisheries that have deteriorated due to historic dam construction.     

尾矿坝溃坝模型研究及应用

根据多个大坝的实际溃决资料,提出尾矿坝溃坝的数学模型,该模型考虑尾矿的物理力学性质及其在流动中的变形,适合溃坝砂流下泄流量变幅大的特点。并就尾矿坝溃坝后泥石流对坝下游的影响提出预测的方法,该方法确定了泄砂总量、溃坝口平均宽度、坝址最大砂流量、坝址流量过程线等溃坝的重要参数。最后利用数学模型对某尾矿库溃坝砂流进行了预测,并指出该坝下游人员的撤离高程,为防灾减灾以及保护人民生命财产安全等起到了积极作用。     

改进电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的重金属

采用改进的电动力技术去除铅锌矿尾砂中的Pb,Zn,Cu。研究了铅锌矿尾砂中重金属在改进电动力技术处理情况下的去除情况。实验结果表明,经过7d的电动力实验,Pb、Zn和Cu的总去除率分别为34％,33％,37％,其中酸溶态去除效果显著,分别达到66％,86％,81％。Pb和Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态去除率为39％和42％,其他形态去除率较低,在10％左右。     

基于PSO-AHP的大坝致灾因子权重计算

提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化-层次分析法(SELPSO-AHP)的致灾因子权重计算模型,该模型依据大坝现场检测、原型监测和安全定期检查等成果,由层次分析法构建大坝风险分析的层次结构体系。为保证判断矩阵的一致性,引入改进粒子群算法和罚函数法用于层次分析法的权值计算,取得了比遗传算法更精确、更稳定的结果。将所建立的模型用于某混凝土重力坝的运行风险分析,得到了影响该坝运行风险的主要因素,为保障大坝安全提供了依据。