地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形破坏特征研究

为揭示地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形失稳的机制,采用底摩擦模型模拟试验方法,以重庆市鸡尾山地质条件为试验对象,研究不同开采顺序(顺坡开采、逆坡开采)、煤柱留设(上下边界矿柱、区段或水平矿柱)情况下,地下采空区不同空间分布诱发其上覆岩层的变形破裂响应特征。结果表明:1)地下采空区分布不同,其上覆岩层变形破裂响应特征也不同;2)软弱夹层是顺层斜坡的潜在滑动面,同一矿山地质条件、不同采空区影响下的软弱夹层可分为凹形、凸形、S形、反S形4种类型;3)地下采矿形成采空区后,岩体破坏规模及程度主要受地质环境和开采方式的控制,地下采空影响下类似含软弱夹层缓倾斜顺层斜坡的变形机制为弯曲-断裂、滑移-拉裂。     

长隧道韵律型视觉环境设计研究

采用心理物理试验分析公路隧道内部视觉环境对驾驶员行车安全的影响,将E-prime 2.0软件与仿真驾驶模拟器相结合,对驾驶员在隧道内长时间行车中的速度判断准确率及反应时间两个指标进行分析,提出了利用标志标线构建公路隧道内韵律型标线系统的改善措施,以改善隧道内视觉环境,并利用数理统计方法及Logistics拟合分析对设计方案进行评价。结果表明:1)公路隧道内韵律型标线系统能提升隧道内驾驶员的速度判断准确率3.33%~11.66%;2)普通公路隧道场景中,被试者反应时间与隧道内行车时间存在显著关系,公路隧道内韵律型标线系统的场景中,反应时间与隧道内的行车时间没有显著关系,能有效缓解视觉疲劳现象;3)被试者反应时间的增加同时受隧道内视觉环境与行车时间的影响。公路隧道内韵律型标线系统能有效提高驾驶员的反应时间,适用于行驶速度为80 km/h、大于1 333 m的隧道。     

广西环江尾矿重金属形态及其潜在迁移能力分析

以广西环江地区某尾矿库3个区域的尾矿样品为研究对象,在化学成分和矿物成分分析的基础上,运用Dold七步分级化学提取法,研究了Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Sb和Ni 6种重金属的赋存形态特征,并分析了其潜在迁移能力。结果表明,3个区域的尾矿样品均为碳酸盐型金属硫化物尾矿,样品中Zn和Pb的质量浓度较高(分别达4 119.9 mg/kg和3 375.1 mg/kg),Cd和Ni的质量浓度相对较低,As和Sb的质量浓度差别较大(可达191.5 mg/kg和86.5 mg/kg)。形态分析结果表明,Zn和As的迁移性较强,且具有一定的环境风险,Pb,Cd,Sb和Ni相对较稳定。     

丘陵道路下实际行驶污染物排放研究

为研究丘陵道路特征对实际行驶排放（RDE）试验中污染物排放和动力学特性校验的影响,本文利用一辆轻型汽油车,在重庆地区满足国六排放法规要求的4条不同道路特征的路线上各进行了两次RDE试验.结果表明：CO₂与道路坡度呈显著线性相关,坡度每增加1%,CO₂排放因子平均增加22.4%,CO和PN则与道路坡度呈二次多项式关系,NO_x与坡度无明显相关性.从移动平均窗口层面对比考虑坡度的VSP_pos[95]（路段中正比功率升序排列的第95个百分位值）和不考虑坡度的v·a_pos[95]（速度与正加速乘积升序排列的第95个百分位值）与PN的关系,发现窗口VSP_pos[95]和v·a_pos[95]与PN的二次拟合R2平均值分别为0.93和0.72,当窗口累计正海拔增量大于600 m/100 km时,VSP_pos[95]与PN的相关性明显优于v·a_pos[95],建议在累计正海拔增量大于600 m/100 km的...     

酸化工艺影响有机废水可生化性的评价指标及其应用

研究了糖蜜酒精废水的厌氧酸化过程,在此基础上提出了一个酸化工艺影响废水可生化性的评价指标.该指标将酸化出水中的BOD5和酸化过程中生物降解的BOD5之和与进水COD的比值定义为理论BC.结果显示,利用该评价指标,COD在5111mg·L-1～61332mg·L-1浓度范围的糖蜜酒精废水酸化后可生化性不同程度均提高了,提高幅度为4%～18%;分析了若干其它废水的酸化工艺,表明评价酸化工艺影响废水可生化性时使用理论BC指标较之表观BC更为合理.     

黄姜皂素清洁生产工艺污染物削减过程分析

采用黄姜皂素清洁生产新工艺可将吨皂素洗姜耗水量由传统工艺的800～900t降至90～100t,洗姜废水随之降低;采用多酶水解分离淀粉糖及水解原液回收盐酸与淀粉糖技术可将酸性废水发生量由传统工艺的400t酸性废水/t皂素、50～100kgCOD/t废水削减至110～120t废水/t皂素、20～30kgCOD/t废水,且废水的可生化性提高;分析整个工艺过程中酸性废水削减主要发生在多酶水解预分离淀粉过程;新工艺对抽余物进行资源化利用制备有型燃料,消除了抽余物任意堆放造成的污染,同时实现了资源的综合利用。     

库水位变化与降雨作用下库岸斜坡稳定性分析

三峡水库正常蓄水后,库水位在175-145m之间周期性波动,库岸斜坡地下水渗流状态将会发生较大的改变.可能导致斜坡失稳.本文采用数值模拟方法,以巴东县西壤坡为例,分析了在库水位升降与降雨联合作用下斜坡体内地下水渗流场的变化过程,通过渗流场与应力场的耦合模拟分析,探讨了库岸斜坡在水位变化及降雨作用下稳定性的变化特征.     

碳纳米管负载TiO2对1,2,4-三氯苯的光降解研究

碳纳米管负载TiO2复合光催化剂与纳米TiO2光催化剂对1,2,4-三氯苯的光催化降解效果,及降解动力学的研究结果表明,复合光催化剂比纳米TiO2有更好的光催化降解效果,经254 nm紫外光辐照60 min后,使用复合光催化剂的1,2,4-三氯苯降解了70%,而使用纳米TiO2为催化剂的1,2,4-三氯苯仅降解了51%...     

Bias in protected‐area location and its effects on long‐term aspirations of biodiversity conventions

To contribute to the aspirations of recent international biodiversity conventions, protected areas (PAs) must be strategically located and not simply established on economically marginal lands as they have in the past. With refined international commitments under the Convention on Biological Diversity to target protected areas in places of “importance to biodiversity,” perhaps they may now be. We analyzed location biases in PAs globally over historic (pre‐2004) and recent periods. Specifically, we examined whether the location of protected areas are more closely associated with high concentrations of threatened vertebrate species or with areas of low agricultural opportunity costs. We found that both old and new protected areas did not target places with high concentrations of threatened vertebrate species. Instead, they appeared to be established in locations that minimize conflict with agriculturally suitable lands. This entrenchment of past trends has substantial implications for the contributions these protected areas are making to international commitments to conserve biodiversity. If protected‐area growth from 2004 to 2014 had strategically targeted unrepresented threatened vertebrates, >30 times more species (3086 or 2553 potential vs. 85 actual new species represented) would have been protected for the same area or the same cost as the actual expansion. With the land available for conservation declining, nations must urgently focus new protection on places that provide for the conservation outcomes outlined in international treaties.     

Standardized reporting of the costs of management interventions for biodiversity conservation

Effective conservation management interventions must combat threats and deliver benefits at costs that can be achieved within limited budgets. Considerable effort has focused on measuring the potential benefits of conservation interventions, but explicit quantification of the financial costs of implementation is rare. Even when costs have been quantified, haphazard and inconsistent reporting means published values are difficult to interpret. This reporting deficiency hinders progress toward a collective understanding of the financial costs of management interventions across projects and thus limits the ability to identify efficient solutions to conservation problems or attract adequate funding. We devised a standardized approach to describing financial costs reported for conservation interventions. The standards call for researchers and practitioners to describe the objective and outcome, context and methods, and scale of costed interventions, and to state which categories of costs are included and the currency and date for reported costs. These standards aim to provide enough contextual information that readers and future users can interpret the cost data appropriately. We suggest these standards be adopted by major conservation organizations, conservation science institutions, and journals so that cost reporting is comparable among studies. This would support shared learning and enhance the ability to identify and perform cost‐effective conservation.